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1 \ The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1996, Vol. 36, No. 1, \

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10 Heath, A Rational choice and social exchange; A critique of exchange theory. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Adams, J.S Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, forms. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Homans, G.C Soicial behavior; Its elementary Alexander, R.D The biology of moral Systems. New York; Aldine De Gruyter. Axelrod, R The evolution of cooperation. New York; Basic Books. Axelrod, R An Evolutionary Approach to Norms. American Political Science Review, 80, Bar-Tal, D., Sharabany, R., & Raviv, A Cognitive basis for the development of altruistic behavior. In V.J. Derlega & J. Grzelak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior; Theory and research. Academic Kenrick, D.T Evolutionary Social Psychology; From Sexual Selection to Social Cognition. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, Kollock, P The emergence of exchange structures; An experimental study of uncertainty, commitment, and trust. American Journal of Sociology, 100, Orbell, J., & Dawes, R A cognitive miser yheory Press of cooperators' advantage. American Political Boudon, R The unintended consequences of social action. London; MacMillan. Boyd, R. & Richerson, P.J The evolution of indirect reciprocity. Social Networks, 11, Cosmides, L The logic of social exchange; Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31, Science Review, 85, Orbell, J., & Dawes, R Social welfare, cooperator's advantage, and the option of not playing the game. American Sociological Review, 58, Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Part 1; Theoretical considerations. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, Trivers, R.T The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, Ekeh, P Social exchange theory; The two traditions. Yamagishi, T. 1986a The provision of a sanctioning Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press. system as a public good. Journal of Personality and Frank, R Passions within reason; The strategic Social Psychology, 51, role of the emotions. New York; Norton. Yamagishi, T. 1986b The structural goal/expectation

11 theory of cooperation in social dilemmas. Advances and Emotion, 18, in Group Processes, 3, Yamagishi, T Social dilemmas. In Cook, K., Fine, G. & House, J. (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology. Allyn & Bacon. Yamagishi, T., & Cook, K.S Generalized exchange and social dilemmas. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, Yamagishi, T., & Takahashi, N Evolution of norms without metanorms. In U. Schulz, Wulf Albers & UlrichMueller (Ed.), Social dilemmas and cooperation. Berlin; Springer-Verlag Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation Social Relational Foundations of Altruistic Behavior NOBUYUKI TAKAHASHI (Hokkaido University) TOSHIO YAMAGISHI (Hokkaido University) This study shows, through a series of computer simulation on the role that altruistic behavior plays in particular social relations, that acting in an altruistic way can bring out outcomes that is beneficial to the actor him/herself. The present study specifically focuses on the individual-to-individual kind of altruistic behavior, not on the individual-to-collectivity type. It was shown that gdownward OFT h strategy with a moderate level of others' worth, when this strategy is shared by all group members, promotes altruistic behavior in the group. Specifically, results of computer simulations show the followings: In the situation where group members select the target of their altruistic action on the basis of whether the target him/herself acted altruistically in the past, ones who act altruistically toward more people do receive more benefit from others than those who did not act so altruistically. Key words: altruistic behavior, evolution, rationality, tit-for-tat strategy, fairness

The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1999, Vol. 70, No. 1, 9-16 Spontaneous formation of generalized exchange system: An experimental study of discrimin

The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1999, Vol. 70, No. 1, 9-16 Spontaneous formation of generalized exchange system: An experimental study of discrimin The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1999, Vol. 70, No. 1, 9-16 Spontaneous formation of generalized exchange system: An experimental study of discriminating altruism Nobuyuki Takahashi, Toshio Yamagishi

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