生命倫理_Vol.25_No.1

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1 A consideration of the relationship between Advance Care Planning and Advance Directives, Based on evidence from the U.S.A.

2 Advance Directives AD AD AD AD Advance Care Planning ACP ADAD ACP 4 ACP AD ACP ACP ACP ACP 5 ACP AD 6 AD ACP 7 ACP

3 AD AD ACP AD ACP ACP AD AD ACP QOL 8 AD AD AD 1914 Sholendorff Society of New York Hospital Benjamin Cardozo Mary E. Sholendorff Cardozo Luis Kutner Living Will LW 10 LW AD 11 Kutner LW 1970 LW Karen Ann Quinlan 21 Karen Karen LW Directive to Physician Natural Death Act LW LW LW LW 14 AD 1983

4 Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care 1983 AD AD AD 1985AD Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1989 LW 15 AD 1990 AD Nancy Cruzan Nancy Cruzan 1 Nancy 2 clear and convincing evidence LW LW 18 Cruzan 10 Patient Self-Determination Act: PSDA AD AD AD AD AD 19 AD AD AD AD AD Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for

5 Outcomes and Risks of Treatments: SUPPORT 9, AD AD AD AD AD AD AD78AD 12 AD SUPPORT AD PSDA AD SUPPORT ADAD 21 SUPPORTAD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD 24 AD AD AD AD 25 AD AD AD 26 AD AD

6 27 28 AD AD 29 AD AD 30 AD AD AD AD 31 AD AD AD AD Hawkins AD 32 AD AD AD AD AD AD 33 AD AD AD AD

7 AD AD AD 34 AD AD 35 AD AD AD AD AD ACP AD ACP ACP ACP ACP AD ACP ACP AD ACP ACP AD AD 1 AD AD AD ACP AD

8 ACP ACP AD AD AD ACP AD ACP AD AD ACP 26 1 Gary S. Fischer, et al., Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning, Encyclopedia of Bioethics 4 th ed. Ed. Bruce Jennings (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 2014), URL html Fischer, et al., (2012) (2013) , Y. Masuda, et al., Physicians Reports on the Impact of Living Wills at the End of Life in Japan, Journal of Medical Ethics 29 (2003) : , ACP Jaya K. Rao, et al., Development of Public Health Priorities for End-of-Life Initiatives, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29.5 (2005) : N.Y. 128, 105 N.E. 93 (1914) R L

9 Luis Kutner, Due Process of Euthanasia: The Living Will, A Proposal, Indiana Law Journal 44.4 (1969) : In re Quinlan, 70 N.J. 10, 23, 355 A. 2d 647 (1976) Susan Polaniaszek and Judith Peres, Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Report to Congress (US Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2008), Patient Self-Determination Act in Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of Federal Law 1990, The SUPPORT Principal Investigators, A Controlled Trial to Improve Care for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients: The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks for Treatments (SUPPORT), Journal of the American Medical Association (1995) : PSDA J. Teno, et al., Advance Directives for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients: Effectiveness with the Patient Self-Determination Act and the SUPPORT Intervention. SUPPORT Investigators. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks for Treatments, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45.4 (1997) : AD Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, Enough: A Failure of the Living Will, Hastings Center Report 34.2 (2004) : 30 42; and Robert A. Burt, The End of Autonomy, Hasting Center Report Special Report 35.6 (2005) : S9 S Anne Wilkinson, et al., Literature Review on Advance Directives (US Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2007), gov/daltcp/reports/2007/advdirlr.pdf SK. Kish, et al., Advance Directives in Critically Ill Cancer Patients, Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 12.3 (2000) : ; Elizabeth Knauft, et al., Barriers and Facilitators to End-of- Life Care Communication for Patients with COPD, Chest (2005) : ; and E. Perry, et al, Peer Mentoring: A Culturally Sensitive Approach to End-of-Life Planning for Long-Term Dialysis Patents, American Journal of Kidney Diseases 46.1 (2005) : Fagerlin and Schneider, Polaniaszek and Peres, Fagerlin and Schneider, Polaniaszek and Peres, Nikki Ayers Hawkins, et al., Micromanaging Death: Process Preferences, Values, and Goals in End-of-Life Medical Decision Making, Gerontologist 45.1 (2005) : Fagerlin and Schneider, Polaniaszek and Peres, 18, Adrienne Asch, Recognizing Death While Affirming Life: Can End of Life Reform Uphold a Disabled Person s Interest in Continued Life? Hastings Center Report 35.6 (2005) : S31 S Hawkins, et al., , esp Wilkinson, et al., Karen E. Steinhauser, et al., Factors Considered Important at the End of Life by Patients, Family, Physicians, and Other Care Providers, Journal of the American Medical Association (2000) : Ibid. 36 URLhttp:// go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iryou/ saisyu_iryou/

1980 Rebecca Dresser Dresser 1989 unawareness persistent vegetative state permanent vegetative state 3 obligatory 4 63

1980 Rebecca Dresser Dresser 1989 unawareness persistent vegetative state permanent vegetative state 3 obligatory 4 63 2003 12 2005 2 1978 1 living will advance directives 1969 2 Dresser 2003 1976 30 autonomy extended Veatch 2003:105 125 2005 10 62 1980 Rebecca Dresser Dresser 1989 unawareness persistent vegetative state

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