2) 3) 2) Ohkusa, 1996 ; 1999 ; Ohtake and Ohkusa, 1994 ; La Croix and A. Kawamura, Reject American Economic Review, Journal of Political Econom
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1 1) IOC Major League Baseball s MLB Blue Ribbon Panel Levin et al. 1) Yamamura and Shin, 2005 a ; 2005 b ; 2005 c communication
2 2) 3) 2) Ohkusa, 1996 ; 1999 ; Ohtake and Ohkusa, 1994 ; La Croix and A. Kawamura, Reject American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, Quarterly Journal of Economics American Economic Review Journal of Political Economy e.g., Rottenberg, 1956 ; El Hodiri and Quirk, 1971 ; Scully, Journal of Sports Economics Sandy et al Allen 2002Butler 2002 Competitive balance Competitive balance 1990 Butler 1995Horowitz 1997Humphreys 2002La Croix and Kawamura 1999Lee and Fort 2005Schmidt 2001Schmidt and Berri 2001 Schmidt and Berri 2002Schmidt and Berri 2003Schmidt and Berri 2004 aschmidt and Berri forthcoming Competitive balance 1993 Competitive balance La Croix and Kawamura 1999 Depken 1999 Eckard 2001 Journal of Sports Economics. Vol 4(4) Competitive balance Allen and Siegfried, 2004 ; Rodney, 2004 ; Brad, 2004 ; Leo, 2004 Lee 2004 Scully ) Schmidt and Berri 2004 b
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10 WBC W Butler MVP 11) J Hirschman Allen, R. S. (2002). Many Dimension of Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.3, pp Allen, R. S and J. J. Siegfried. (2004). Thinking about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.4, pp Brad, H. (2004). Comments on Thinking about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.4, pp Butler, M. R. (1995). Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball, American Economist, Vol.39, pp Butler, M. R. (2002). Interleague Play and Baseball Attendance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.3, pp ) Yamamura and Shin 2005 c 1
11 Deaton, A. (1997). Analysis of Household Survey : A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy, Baltimore : Princeton University Press for the World Bank. Depken, C. A. (1999). Free Agency and the Competitiveness of Major League Baseball, Review of Industrial Organization, Vol.14, pp Eckard, E. W. (2001). Free Agency, Competitive Balance and Diminishing Returns to Pennant Contention, Economic Inquiry, Vol.39, pp El Hodiri, M and J. Quirk. (1971). An Economic Model of a Professional Team Sports League, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.79, pp Hobijin, B and P. H. Franses. (2000). Asymptotically Perfect and Relative Convergence of Productivity, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol.15, pp Horowitz, I. (1997). The Increasing Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball, Review of Industrial Organization, Vol.12, pp Humphreys, B. R. (2002). Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.3, pp Hirschman, A. (1970). Exit Voice and Loyalty : Responses to Decline in Firms, Organization, and States. Harvard University Press. La Croix, S. J and A. Kawamura. (1999). Rule Changes and Competitive Balance in Japanese Professional Baseball, Economic Inquiry, Vol.37, pp Lee, Y. H. (2004). Competitive Balance and Attendance in Japanese, Korean, and U. S. Professional Baseball Leagues, In, International Sports Economics Comparisons, ed. Fort, R and J.Fizel. London : Praeger. Lee, Y. H and R. Fort. (2005). Structural Change in MLB Competitive Balance : The Depression, Team Location, and Integration, Economic Inquiry, Vol.43, pp Leo, H. K. (2004). Comments on Thinking about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.4, pp Levin, R.C., G. J. Mitchell., P. A. Volcker and G. F. Will. (2000). Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics, http : // blueribbon_release.htm. Ohkusa, Y. (1996). The Relationship between Supervisor and Workers : the Case of the Professional Baseball in Japan, Japan and World Economies, vol.8, pp Ohkusa, Y. (1999). Additional Evidence for the Career Concern Hypothesis the Case ofprofessional Baseball Players in Japan, Applied Economics, pp Ohtake, F and Y. Ohkusa. (1994). Testing the Matching Hypothesis : The Case of Professional Baseball in Japan with Comparisons to the United States, Journal of Japanese and International Economies, Vol.8, pp Rodney, F. (2004). Thinking (Some more) about Competitive Balance, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.4, pp Rottenberg, S. (1956). The Baseball Players Labor Market, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.64, pp Sandy, R., P. J. Sloane and M. S. Rosentraub. (2004). The Economics of Sport : An International Perspective, New York : Palgrave MacMillan. Schmidt, M. B. (2001). Competition in Major League Baseball : The Impact of Expansion, Applied Economics Letters, Vol.8, Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. (2001 a). Competition and Attendance : The Case of Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, Vol.2, pp Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. (2002). Competitive Balance and Market Size in Major League Baseball : a Response to the MLB s Blue Ribbon Panel, Review of Industrial Organization, Vol.21, pp Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. (2003). On the Evolution of Competitive Balance : The Impact of an Increasing Global Search, Economic Inquiry, Vol.41, pp Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. (2004 a). Convergence and Clustering in Major League Baseball : the Haves and Hve Nots?, Applied Economics, Vol.36, pp Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. (2004 b). The Impact of Labor Strikes on Consumer Demand : An Application to Professional Sports, American Economic Review, Vol.94, pp Schmidt, M. B and D. J. Berri. Concentration of playing Talent : Evolution in Major League Baseball, Forthcoming in Journal of Sports Economics Scully, G. W. (1974). Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball, American Economic Review, Vol.64, pp Scully, G. W. (1995). The Market Structure of Sports. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Yamamura, E and I. Shin. (2005 a). The Influence of a Leader and Social Interaction on Attendance : The Case of Japanese Professional Baseball League, , mimeo. Yamamura, E and I. Shin. (2005 b). Competitive balance, Attendance and Convergence : The Case of Japanese Professional Baseball League, mimeo. Yamamura, E and I. Shin. (2005 c). Inter-league play and its effects on attendance : The Case of Japanese Professional Baseball League in 2005, mimeo mimeo.
Attendance Demand for J-League õ Shinsuke KAWAI* and Takeo HIRATA* Abstract The purpose of this study was to clarify the variables determining the attendance in J-league matches, using the 2,699 J-league
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