総合薬学講座 生物統計の基礎

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1 ( ) / 40

2 p t Mann Whitney U ). 4 χ Dunnett Tukey Kaplan Meier.. U. ( ) / 40

3 1 93 ( 20 ) 230. a t b c χ 2 d e, b ( ) e ( ) ( ) / 40

4 2 98 ( 25 ) 192 Tukey ( ) / 40

5 ,. ( ) EBM pp ( α) ( ) / 40

6 1) ( ). ( ) / 40

7 2 p.683 2) 100 ( ) A = (1 ), ( ) / 40

8 2 95% ,,. 4 ( ) / 40

9 3 ( ) 3) 100 ( ), A 60 60% B 50% A B, A 45%, ( ) / 40

10 1.5.1 p.684 (p ) ( α) 4 ( ) p ( ). p (α)., = ( ) / 40

11 1.5.1 H 1 ( ) H 0 ( ) ( ) α p ( ) / 40

12 . α α 2 α 2 ( ) / 40

13 p p,, x p.684 ( ) 7 (p ). 4 (p ). ( ) / 40

14 p.684 (µ = µ 0 ) (µ µ 0 ) p α = ( ) / 40

15 p , H 1 H 0 : H 1. H 0 : H 1. H 1. ( ) / 40

16 1 2 p µ = µ 0 (H 0 ) µ µ 0 (H 0 ) 2 β (H 0 ) 1 α (H 0 ) α ( ) : H 0 β : H 0 ( ) ( ) / 40

17 ) p ) ( ) / 40

18 t, Mann-Whitney U t, Mann-Whitney U p.688 ( ) ( ) / 40

19 ,,,,,, {x 1, x 2, x 3,..., x n } x = x 1 + x 2 + x x n n s 2 = (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) (x n x) 2 n 1 (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) (x n x) 2 s = n 1 ( ) / 40

20 (SD:Standard Deviation). s = (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) (x n x) 2 n 1 (SE Standard Error) x( ). SE = s n p.11 ( ) / 40

21 t ( ) p.688 1) t ( ) t A B 1. p t A B. p ( ) / 40

22 t ( p.47 (5.9)-(5.10)),. ( ) / 40

23 H 0 A B = H 1 A B ( ) / 40

24 Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U ) 2) Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U ) p Wilcoxon ( ). H 0 ( : A B ( ) H 1 A B ( ) ( ) / 40

25 χ χ 2 6 χ (cf. p.82 (6.5)) H 0 A B H 1 A B ( ) / 40

26 p.692 t Wilcoxon p. 63 p t Wilcoxon χ 2 p :,. ( ) / 40

27 2 p (x, y)., ( ) / 40

28 y = β 0 + β 1 x y y i = β 0 + β 1 x i + ε i y i xi,y i ε i y= β 0 + β 1 x O x i x β 0 y β 1 ε i ( ) / 40

29 2 2 y ε i = y i (β 0 + β 1 x i ), δ = ε ε ε2 n. β 0 β 1 ε 1 ε 2 2 ε 3 2 ε H 0 β 1 = 0 H 1 β 1 0 t. ( ) / 40

30 ( ) / 40

31 r= 0.16 r= 0.76 r=0.97 r= r 1 r 1. 2 r 1. r = 1. r. 3 r 1. r = 1. r. 4 r 0. ( ) / 40

32 1.5.6, Dunnett, Turkey ) α (A, B, C) A-B, A-C, B-C 3 1 3α.. (multiplicity) 1 ( ) / 40

33 1 p.105 H 0 : 4 H 1 : 4 ( ) H 0 : ( ) / 40

34 2 Bonferroni ( ) / 40

35 3 Dunnett A B,C, D A B C,. D ( ) / 40

36 4 Tukey A D B C,. ( ) / 40

37 1.5.7 (,...e.t.c.) ( ) ( ) 1) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 2 ( ) / 40

38 Kaplan-Meier p.141 Kaplan-Meier 2 Log-rank ( ) p ( ) / 40

39 3 Cox ( ) 2 ( ). www012.upp.so-net.ne.jp/doi/biostat/ct39/cox.pdf ( ) / 40

40 p.699 5, p, ( ), pp ( ) / 40

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