Rhus trichocarpa Miq. R. ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. R. sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. R. succedanea L. R. javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rheder

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1 14 1 p Jpn. J. Histor. Bot. 1 Masanobu Yoshikawa 1 : Identification of Rhus verniciflua Stokes pollen and its occurrence around the Early Jomon Period in Aomori Prefecture Abstract Recent analyses of fossil woods and fruits revealed the growth of Rhus verniciflua trees in Japan since the Early Jomon Period. Distribution of this plant around archaeological sites, however, could not be clarified with these analyses, because woods and fruits may have been brought to the sites from far away by Jomon people. Previous descriptions indicated that the pollen sculpture of Rhus verniciflua was slightly different from that of other Rhus species. To clarify the basis of distinction, the pollen sculpture of six Japanese Rhus species were studied with optical microscopy and image analysis. The results revealed that, distinct from the other species, Rhus verniciflua pollen have reticulate sculpture with lumina which are regular in shape and size. Re-identification of Rhus fossil pollen at three sites of the Early Jomon Period in Aomori Prefecture showed that Rhus verniciflua appeared at ca yr BP with the establishment of the Castanea forest around settlements and disappeared at ca yr BP with the elimination of the Castanea forest caused by the expansion of the Aesculus forest. Key words: Aomori Prefecture, Early Jomon Period, pollen morphology, Rhus verniciflua B Rhus verniciflua Stokes (= Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl.) Noshiro & Suzuki, Ancient Forest Research, Nanokahara 293-6, Tohgattaonsen, Zao-machi, Katsuta-gun, Miyagi , Japan

2 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. R. ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. R. sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. R. succedanea L. R. javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rheder et Wils a 1980b 孢 华 态 A M C OLYMPUS C TIFF AFR NIH Image 5 5 µm C 10 1 C TUS TI TNS KPM 10 KOH yr BP A B17 0

3 17 1 No. Rhus ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa AFR-51 S. Tsugaru TUS AFR-537 K. Yonekura TUS AFR-538 Rhus succedanea L. T. Yoshikawa & K. Yoshikawa AFR-508 S. Tsugaru & T. Takahashi TUS AFR-531 H. Takahashi TUS AFR-53 Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. K. Yonekura TUS AFR-55 S. Noshiro et al. TUS AFR-56 G. Murata & T. Takahashi TUS AFR-536 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. M. Yoshikawa AFR-518 M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa AFR-53 N. Matsushita et al. TUS AFR-534 S. Tsugaru & M. Sawada TUS AFR-535 Rhus verniciflua Stokes M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa AFR-50 S. Noshiro et al. TUS AFR-533 H. Hara 938 (TI) AFR-540 H. Muramatsu (TI) AFR-541 TNS AFR-550 T. Makino TNS AFR-551 K. Nemoto TNS AFR-55 M. Kinukawa TNS AFR-553 H. Koizumi TNS AFR-555 Y. Shimada TNS AFR-556 S. Takakura KPM-NA AFR-558 Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehder et Wils. M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa AFR-468 M. Yoshikawa AFR-58 S. Noshiro et al. TUS AFR km yr BP 000 B3 A yr BP To-Cu %KOH 48%HF 00

4 tricolporate semi-angular subprolate spheroidal ectoaperture colpus endoaperture pore costae semi-tectate sculpture 1 columella tectum reticulate lumen striate-reticulate P/E Rhus ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. 1 No. 1 1 mesocolpium apocolpium striate polar axis ( ) µm equatorial diameter (3.8 3.) µm P/E ( ) AFR-51, 537, 538 Rhus succedanea L. 1 No.13 4 polar area ( ) µm (35.3.8) µm P/E ( ) AFR-508, 531, 53 Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. 1 No ( ) µm ( ) µm P/E ( ) AFR-55, 56, 536 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. No ( ) µm ( ) µm P/E ( ) AFR-53, 534, 535 Rhus verniciflua Stokes No AFR ( ) µm (33.6.0) µm P/E ( ) AFR-50, 540, 541 Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehder et Wils. No ( ) µm ( ) µm P/E ( ) AFR-468, 58, A M C 5 5 µm 4 6 a A M 4 A M C 5 / A M C 6 A / / A 8 8 / AFR AFR-537 AFR-51 AFR-537 A 18 /.5 A A

5 Rhus ambigua AFR-51 1, 6 8 A 4, 9 10 M 11 C 1 A C 13 4 R. succedanea AFR , 18 0 A 16, 1 M 3 4 C 5 36 R. sylvestris AFR , 30 3 A M 8, 35 C 36 A C = 10 µm

6 Rhus trichocarpa AFR , 4 43 A 40, M 48 C 47 A C R. verniciflua AFR , A 5, M A C R. javanica var. roxburghii AFR A M 63, 69 C 67 A M 68 A C = 10 µm

7 Rhus ambigua (AFR-51) 3 4 R. succedanea (AFR-508) 5 6 R. sylvestris (AFR-56) 7 8 R. trichocarpa (AFR-53) 9 10 R. verniciflua (AFR-50) = 5 µm A M C AFR-508 AFR µm AFR-531 C / 3 4 A A M / AFR µm AFR µm M / AFR

8 A M C C 3.00 A AFR µm C / A M C / A M C / b M C M C / C 7 M C M C C 10 1 M C M C A M C C 6 A M C C 7 M C

9 23 2 A M C 5 5 µm R. ambigua R. succedanea R. sylvestris R. trichocarpa R. verniciflua A /5 µm µm / M /5 µm µm / C * /5 µm µm / No. AFR- 51, 537, , 531, 53 55, 56, , 534, , 540, 541, 55, 555 * A A / 6 A /.5 M.14 A 18 /5 µm 4 /5 µm 3.00 µm A M C 5 5 µm µm No. A * M C / / / B10 AFR.MY A5b AFR.MY A6 AFR.MY A6 AFR.MY A8 AFR.MY * 1541

10 A6 AFR.MY B10 AFR.MY A9 AFR.MY A6 AFR.MY A8 AFR.MY C4 AFR.MY C AFR.MY A3 AFR.MY , 9, 14 A 3, 11, 15, 18 M 5, 7, 1, 16 C 6, 8 A C = 10 µm 3 A4 B7 B1 3 A7 1 1 To-Cu 5 1 3

11 25 9 yr BP 1% yr BP 6 18 To-Cu A M C µm / M C M A b 3 9

12 yr BP 5050 yr BP 4850 yr BP yr BP yr BP yr BP 4500 yr BP yr BP yr BP yr BP Noshiro Suzuki, Noshiro & Suzuki, DNA

13 pp pp 孢 华 态 198 热 亚热 态 67 pp : : pp : : B pp 1980a II pp 1980b I pp pp pp Noshiro, S. & Suzuki, M Rhus verniciflua Stokes grew in Japan since the Early Jomon Period. Japanease Journal of Historical Botany 12: pp pp : H H VIII III

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