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1 IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM: IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM 1 IS-LM IS-LM 1 1 IS-LM (Robinson 1971, p.82) LM IS (ibid.) 1

2 IS-LM IS-LM 1937 (Hicks 1937) IS-LM 2 1 IS-LM IS-LM 17 IS-LM ( ) IS-LM 1 IS-LM IS-LM 1 IS-LM (Hicks 1937) { M = ky I(r) =S(r, Y ) M k Y I S r 3 IS-LM (Kahn 1984, p.160) (ibid., p.159) (Pasinetti 1974) 2 IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM

3 1 1 M k Y M = ky 2 1 M Y { M = L(r) I(r) =S(Y ) S(r, Y ) IS { M = L(Y,r) I(r) =S(Y ) 1 IS LL 2 IS-LM 2 LL IS LL IS LL LL IS 3

4 T. T ;. ; 1: 2: { M = L(Y,r) I(Y,r) =S(Y,r) 2 IS (Keynes 1973a, pp.79-81) (Keynes 1973a, pp.81-83) (neo-classics) 2 3 ( )

5 (Hicks 1936 in Hicks 1982, p.92) 4 11 (Keynes 1973a, p.83) (loan) (Keynes 1937a in Keynes 1973b, pp ,213) (Hicks 1957) (Hicks 1967) (Y w ) SI 4 LL ( 3) (N) Y w 3 FE ( ) (Hicks 1967, p.146) T 5+.. T (' (' 1 0 ; Y 1 0 ; Y 3: 1 4: 2 LL 4 LL FE LL LL (ibid., pp ) 4 SI 5

6 SI 5 FU( ) (ibid., p.148) FU LL LL T (7 ÇÊ Éy Ê Î ÒÔÖ (' Ï ÔÖ 1 0 ; Y 5: 3 FE FU LL IS ( ) FE FU IS 1 ( 6) LL 1 T.. T.. T 5+ T ; Y 1 0 ; 6: 4 7: 5 (ibid., p.149) r LL LL Y w r SI (ibid., p.149) 7 SI LL SI 1 LL LL SI (ibid., p.151) LL

7 LL (ibid., p.143) (ibid., p.152) LL (ibid., p.153) 1 (ibid., p.154) SI SI LL M = ky LM 6 7 IS-LM ( 1) 1 2 IS-LM 7

8 IS-LM ( ) IS-LM IS-LM: 1 (Hicks ) 1.4 IS-LM: 1 IS-LM: 1 IS-LM IS-LM (Hicks in Hicks 1982, p.318) IS LM IS (ibid., pp ) IS-LM IS-LM n n w, p r E L (w, p, r) =0 E G (w, p, r) =0 E M (w, p, r) =0 E B (w, p, r) =0 E L,E G,E M,E B we L + pe G + E M + E B = p/w( w/p) r 3 p w w = w D L D L = f(p/ w, r) E G (D L,p/ w, r) =0 E M (D L,p/ w, r) =0 E B (D L,p/ w, r) =0 1 8

9 ( ) 1 D L = f(p/ w) 2 E G (D L,r)=0 3 E M (D L,r)=0 1 p 2 0 p r p r 3 p r p r 2 p r p IS-LM { E G (D L,r)=0 E M (D L,r)=0 1 2 IS-LM (Hicks 1946, p.153) ( ) 1 IS-LM 5 (Coddington 1979, pp.977,986) 9

10 ( ) 2. (IS-LM ) 3. (M = ky ) LM LM IS LM IS 1 1 ( ) LM 2 IS-LM IS-LM ( ) IS-LM IS-LM 10

11 2 2.1 IS-LM (Harrod 1937) IS-LM (Young 1987) IS-LM ( Keynes 1973a, pp ,540) ( ) (8 27 Keynes 1973a, p.552) 8 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) (Keynes 1973a, pp ) (ibid., p.554) (ibid., p.555) 9 10 ( 8) (Keynes 1973a, pp ) 8 + < : ; ; ; ; T T < : T 8: 11

12 r I Y 1,Y 2,Y 3 Y 1,Y 2,Y 3 XX Y 1 XX Y 1 XX ZZ ZZ Y 1 2 (ibid., p.559) 9 20 (ibid., p.560) (ibid., p.561) (ibid., p.562) 14 (Keynes 1936, p.178) 9 10 (ibid., p.179) (ibid., p.180) 12

13 ( ) IS-LM IS-LM (Harrod 1937 in Harrod 1972, p.238) (ibid., p.241) (ibid., p.242) I(r) =S(Y ) (I: r: S: Y : ) 2 M = L(r, Y ) (M: L: ) 1 I(r) =S(r, Y ) (ibid.) 2 (ibid., p ) I(r) =S(Y )( I(r) =S(r, Y )) M = L(r, Y ) IS-LM IS-LM 2 (Harrod 1948) (Harrod 1969) (Harrod 1948, p.70) ( ) 2 13

14 (Keynes 1930) 6 ( 208 ) ( 209 ) ( 212 ) IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM IS LM IS-LM (Hawtrey 1952) 1951 (Young 1987, pp ) (Young 1987, p.132) L 1 (Y )+L 2 (r) =M(L 1 : L 2 : Y : r: ) Y I k L 1 (ki)+l 2 (r) =M I r (5 30 ibid., pp ) M (6 7 ibid., p.134) 1 6 (Keynes 1936, pp.118,303) 14

15 (6 15 ibid., pp ) M M 1 M 2 M M 2 M 1 M M 1 M 2 (6 19 ibid., p.136) 2.4 IS-LM 1 IS-LM IS IS-LM IS 1 LM IS-LM 3 IS-LM 3.1 IS-LM IS IS LM 15

16 IS LM ( ) 3.2 IS-LM 2 1 IS 2 LM IS LM (Keynes 1936, p.167) (ibid., pp.93,178) (ibid., p.164) (ibid.,p.242) IS LM 1937 (Keynes 1937b in 1973b, p.103) (Keynes 1937a in 1973b, p.206) ( Young 1987, p.136) (Pasinetti 1997, p.208) 1 ( ,79 ) LM LM (Keynes 1936, p.203) (ibid., p.204) 1 (ibid., p.206) (ibid., p.207) LM 16

17 ( Keynes 1973a, pp.79-81) LM (Keynes 1937a in 1973b, pp ) LM M = M 1 + M 2 = L 1 (Y )+L 2 (r) (Keynes 1936, p.199) (L 1 (Y )) L 1 (ki)+l 2 (r) =M I r ( Young 1987, pp ) IS-LM LM (Hansen 1953, p.147) LM M = k(r)y k Y r = r (Kaldor 1986, pp.21-24)( ) 7 ( ) (Ranchetti 2001, p. 322) ( ) M 1 Y M 2 = L 2 (r) M 2 (Pasinetti 1997, pp )( ) M 1 M 2 LM LM IS 7 IS-LM (Kaldor 1937) IS-LM IS-LM (Young 1987, p.160) LL (Kaldor 1937, p.752) 17

18 IS IS LM LM LM IS-LM IS-LM (Pasinetti 1974) IS-LM LM LM IS-LM LM LM IS-LM LM LM (Hicks 1967, p.153) IS-LM LM IS-LM (Keynes 1937b in Keynes 1973b, p ) 18

19 (1) (2) (3) r ( ) y A y = r (4) A A A y ( ) (ibid., p.103) (5) ( ) y = r y r y (6) 1 1 (ibid., p.104) (5) (6) (5) (6) (ibid.) (5) (6) (4) (5) (ibid., p.105) (6) (ibid., p ) 19

20 (ibid., p.108) (Keynes 1937c) (Keynes 1937c in 1973b, pp ) (ibid., p.116) 2 (ibid., p.119) IS % 1 ( ) /107 = 98-2% (Keynes 1936, p.223) p s,p f r 1 p f p s + r 3 (1) q 20

21 (2) c (3) ( ) l q c + l (1) : q c>0, l 0 (2) : q c<0, l 0 (3) : q =0,c=0,l>0 3 q 1 a 1 c 2 a 2 l 3 0 a 1 + q 1 a 2 c 2 l 3 a 1 + q 1,a 2 c 2,l 3 a 1 + q 1 = a 2 c 2 = l 3 (Keynes 1936, p.229) (1) (ibid., p.230) (2) (ibid., p.231) 1 ( ) 2 [ ] a 1,a 2 (1) (2) (3)

22 (ibid., p.236) 4.3 (Sraffa 1932) ( ) 1 ( ,79 ) ( ) ( ) 2 (Sraffa 1932, p.49) 1 p f p s + r p f = p s (Sraffa 1932, p.50) ( ) (Sraffa 1932, p.51) ( ) 22

23 (Ibid.) (Sraffa 1932, p.43) ( ) 1 ( ) 23

24 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q, c, a ( ) q c + a q c r r = q c a q c 1 p f p s + r a = p f p s 1 ( ) q ( ) 1 24

25 4.4 (Ranchetti 2001, p.320) 2 1 (ibid., pp ) ( ) (ibid., p. 322) ( ) 2 ( ) (Ranchetti 2001, p.322) ( ) (ibid. ) 5% 5% ( ) ( ) (ibid. ) ( ) 5% 25

26 4.5 (Barens and Caspari 1997, p.295) IS-LM IS LM ( ) 1 IS IS IS IS IS ( ) 4.6 IS 1 (Hicks 1967) (LM ) 1 IS LM IS ( ) (Keynes 1937c in 1973, p.119) LM LM IS ( ) (Keynes 1936, chapter 19) 26

27 IS IS 4.7 (Ranchetti 2001, p.491) (ibid.) (Pasinetti 1997, pp ) (ibid., p.206) (ibid., p ) IS-LM 1 (Hicks 1946, p.159) (Hicks 1946, p.142) 27

28 (Pasinetti 2007, p.24) (ibid., p.15) (ibid., pp.19-20) (Pasinetti, 1981) (ibid., p.xvii) 17 (ibid., p.164) 5 IS-LM LM IS-LM 28

29 LM IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM IS-LM 1 [1] Barens, I. and Caspari, V. (1997), Own-rates of interests and their relevance for the existence of underemployment equilibrium positions, G. C. Harcourt and P. A. Riach eds., A Second Edition of the General Theory, volume 1, London: Routledge, pp [2] Coddington, A. (1979), Hicks s Contribution to Keynesian Economics, Journal of Economic Literature, 17, pp [3] Hansen, A. H. (1953). A Guide to Keynes, New York: McGraw-Hil. [4] Harrod, R. (1937), Mr. Keynes and the traditional theory, Econometrica, 5, pp.74-86, in [7] pp [5] Harrod, R. (1948), Towards a Dynamic Economics, London: Macmillan. [6] Harrod, R. (1969), Money, London : Macmillan. [7] Harrod, R. (1972), Economic Essays 2nd edition, London: Macmillan. [8] Hawtrey, R. G. (1952), Capital and Employment, London, New York, Toronto: Longman, Green and Co. [9] Hicks, J.R. (1936), Mr. Keynes theory of employment, Economic Journal, 46, pp as The general theory: a first impression, in [15], pp [10] Hicks, J.R. (1937), Mr Keynes and the classics: a suggested interpretation Econometrica, 5, pp in [15], pp [11] Hicks, J.R. (1946), Value and Capital, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [12] Hicks, J.R. (1957), A rehabilitation of Classical Economics, Economic Journal, 67, pp , as The Classics Again in [13], pp [13] Hicks, J.R. (1967), Critical Essays on Monetary Theory, Oxford: Clarendon Press ( 1972 ). [14] Hicks, J.(1980-1), IS-LM an explanation, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 3, pp , in [15], pp [15] Hicks, J. (1982), Money, Interest and Wages: Collected Essays on Economic Theory vol. II, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [16] (1993) [17] Kahn, R. (1984), The Making of Keynes s General Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [18] Kaldor, N. (1937), Prof. Pigou on money wages in relation to unemployment, Economic Journal, 47, pp [19] Kaldor, N. (1986), The Scourge of Monetarism, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [20] Keynes, J. M. (1930), A Treatise on Money, 2 vols. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, 5, 6, London: Macmillan. [21] Keynes, J. M. (1936), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes 7, London: Macmillan. [22] Keynes, J. M. (1937a), Alternative theories of the rate of interest, Economic Journal, June 1937, in [26], pp [23] Keynes, J. M. (1937b), The theory of the rate of interest, The Lessons of Monetary Experience: Essays in Honour of Irving Fisher (Library of money and banking history, Reprints of economic classics) ed. by A. D. Gayer, New York : A. M. Kelley, reprinted in 1970, also in [26], pp

30 [24] Keynes, J. M. (1937c), The general theory of employment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1937, in [26], pp [25] Keynes, J. M. (1973a), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes 13: the General Theory and After pt.1, London: Macmillan. [26] Keynes, J. M. (1973a), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes 14: the General Theory and After pt.2, London: Macmillan. [27] Pasinetti, L. L. (1974), Growth and Income Distribution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [28] Pasinetti. L. L. (1981), Structural Change and Economic Growth: a theoertical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [29] Pasinetti, L. L. (1997), The marginal efficiency of investment, A Second Edition of the General Theory, volume 1 ed. by G. C. Harcourt and P. A. Riach, London: Routledge, pp [30] Pasinettei, L. L. (2007), Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: a Revolution in Economics to Be Accomplished, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [31] Ranchetti, F. (2001), On the relationship between Sraffa and Keynes in Terrenzio Cozzi and Roberto Marchionatti (eds.), Piero Sraffa s Political Economy: a Centenary Estimate, chapter 19, London and New York: Routledge, [32] Robinson, J. (1971), Economic Heresies: Some Old-Fashioned Questions in Economic Theory, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. [33] Sraffa, P. (1932), Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital, Economic Journal, 42, pp [34] Sraffa, P. (1960), Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities: Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [35] Young, W. (1987) Interpreting Mr Keynes: IS-LM Enigma, Cambridge: Polity Press. 30

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