& Herzel, 1998;, LRS V O Bernasconi & Kohl, 1993; Garlando et al., 1985 Rassler & Kohl, 1996; van Alphen & Duffin, 1994 CLS VO Udo et al., 1990 LRS V

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1 LRS; locomotorrespiratory synchronization Bramble & Carrier, 1983; Bramble & Jenkins, 1993 CLS; cardiac-locomotor synchronization Niizeki et al., 1993; Nomura et al., 2003, 2006 RSA; respiratory sinus arrhythmia et al., 1999; Seidel

2 & Herzel, 1998;, LRS V O Bernasconi & Kohl, 1993; Garlando et al., 1985 Rassler & Kohl, 1996; van Alphen & Duffin, 1994 CLS VO Udo et al., 1990 LRS V O VO bpm m / min

3 W-up m / min m / min Velocity adjustment Under the specified conditions respiratory & step control random breathing steps each breath m / min by a gradual stride frequency buildup STAGE I bpm bpm

4 . Hz. Hz STAGE II STAGE III STAGE I STAGE IV STAGE II ECG EMG BA-CM VO AE- S MINATO Hz A/D USB- PC R ECG R-R RRI, R-R interval BRI, breath interval EMG MCI, muscle construction interval Nomura et al., 2003, 2006; 1998 Nomura et al., 2003; Stefanovska et al., 2000; Tass, et al., VO breath-by-breath VO

5 VO RRI HR, heart rate BRI MCI GC, gait cycle STAGE I STAGE III STAGE III STAGE I LRS GC bpm gait / min.. CLS LRS STAGE III CRS

6 STAGE I STAGE III bpm bpm STAGE III STAGE I Bramble & Carrier, 1983 bpm bpm VO VO STAGE II IV STAGE I III STAGE III LRS LRS V O STAGE I LRS CLS STAGE I VO CLS STAGE I III VO STAGE I II III IV VO.. m / min m / min VO VO

7 O consumption ml / kg / min Time min V O V O LRS V O CLS V O LRS CLS V O STAGE I III STAGE II IV V O STAGE II IV V O STAGE I III V O O consumption ml / kg / min Time min STAGE I III LRS STAGE II IV STAGE II IV STAGE I III

8 O consumption ml / kg / min STAGE I STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IV O consumption ml / kg / min n n STAGE I STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IV STAGE STAGE VO STAGE II STAGEIV VO STAGE I III VO STAGE III VO LRS STAGE III VO STAGE I III VO STAGE IV STAGE II VO Takano & Deguchi, 1997

9 VO LRS LRS LRS CRS CLS CLS VO R CLS CLRS CLS VO CLS VO Udo et al., 1990 n n n n O consumption ml / kg / min LRS CLS CLRS Decoupling Kinds of Coupling V O LRS CLS CLRS LRS CLS Decoupling n

10 LRS CLS Bernasconi, P., & Kohl, J Analysis of co-ordination between breathing and exercise rhythms in man. J Physiol London. 471, Bramble, D., & Carrier, D Running and breathing in mammals. Science. 219, Bramble, D., & Jenkins, F Mammalian locomotor-respiratory interation: implications for diaphragmatic and pulmonary design. Science. 262, Garlando, F., Kohl, J., Koller, E., & Pietsch, P Effect of coupling the breathing- and cycling rhythms on oxygen uptake during bicycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol. 54, ,,.... MBE, ME.,. Niizeki, K., Kawahara, K., & Miyamoto, Y Interaction among cardiac, respiratory and locomotor rhythms during cariolocomotor synchronization. J Appl Physiol. 75, Nomura, K., Takei, Y., & Yanagida, Y Comparison of cardio-locomotor synchronization during running and cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 89, Nomura, K., Takei, Y., Yoshida, M., & Yanagida, Y Phase-dependent chronotropic response of the heart during running in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 97, Rassler, B., & Kohl, J Analysis of coordination between breathing and walking rhythms in humans. Respir Physiol. 106, Rosenblum, M., Kurths, J., Pikovsky, A., Schafer, C., Tass, P., & Abel, H Synchronization in noisy systems and cardiorespiratory interaction. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 17,

11 Schafer, C., Rosenblum, M., Abel, H., & Kurths, J Synchronization in the human cariorespiratory system. Physical Rev E. 60, Schafer, C., Rosenblum, M., Kurths, J., & Abel, H Heartbeat synchronized with ventilation. Nature. 392, Seidel, H., & Herzel, H Analyzing entrainment of heartbeat and respiration with surrogates. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 14, Stefanovska, A., Haken, H., McClintock, P., Bajrovic, M., & Ribaric, S Reversible transitions between synchronization states of the cardiorespiratory system. Physical Rev Lett. 81, Takano, N., & Deguchi, H Sensation of breathlessness and respiratory oxygen cost during cycle exercise with and without conscious entrainment of the breathing rhythm. Eur J Appl Physiol. 76, Tass, P., Rosenblum, M., Weule, J., Kurths, J., Pikovsky, A., Volkmann, J., et al Detection of n: m phase locking form noisy data: application to magnetoencephalography. Physical Rev Lett. 81, Udo, M., Yoshida, T., Nakazumi, T., Kinugawa, K., & Watanabe, A Occurrence of entrainment of heart beat into endurance running pitch and its significance in energy consumption. In M. Kaneko, Fitness for the aged, disabled, and industrial worker Vol. 20, pp Human Kinetics Books. van Alphen, J., & Duffin, J Entrained breathing and oxygen consumption during treadmill walking. Can J Appl Physiol. 19,

Fig. 1 Photography of exercise test by Arm Crank Ergometer. Fig. 2 Photography of exercise test by chair with caster. Arm Crank Ergometer Wheelchair T

Fig. 1 Photography of exercise test by Arm Crank Ergometer. Fig. 2 Photography of exercise test by chair with caster. Arm Crank Ergometer Wheelchair Treadmill Arm Crank Ergometer Arm Crank Ergometer Arm