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1 A Typological Study of Information Systems Shinya MAKINO Abstract Information systems have essentially the characteristics as social systems. Therefore it is useful to study the typology of information systems according to the feature of the social system. In this paper, we propose a typology of information systems referring to Sociological Paradigms by Burrel and Morgan. We set the following four types of information systems, and try to classify various concepts of information systems into these types. (1) Information systems for substitution (Type I), characterized by objectivity and stability. This type includes EDPS, MIS (in a narrow sense), and OLTPS, etc. (2) Information systems for support (Type II), characterized by subjectivity and stability. This type includes MIS, DSS, ESS, OA, and EUC, etc. (3) Information systems for expansion (Type III), characterized by objectivity and evolution. This type includes SIS, BPR, and ERP, etc. (4) Information systems for emergence (Type IV), characterized by subjectivity and evolution. This type includes CSCW, groupware, and knowledge management, etc. Especially, it seems that information systems for emergence become a significant issue of information systems in the future UNIVAC I

2 2 buzzword jargon G. Burrell G. Morgan a 3 Burrell=Morgan (1979). 4 Ibid., 5 5 Ibid., 5 2

3 Ibid., 22 7 Ibid., 22 8 Ibid., Ibid., R. Hirschheim H. K. Klein Information Systems Development Neo-humanism Hirschheim=Klein (1989) 3

4 McDonough (1963), p Barnard (1938) 85 4

5 Punched Card Systems 14 Electronic Data Processing Systems: IBM 1959 IBM UNIVAC GE UNIVAC Automatic Data Processing: Integrated Data Processing: Office Automation: 5

6 Management Information Systems: 1950 American Management IBM H. Grosch MPU 6

7 Association J. D. Gallagher R. L. Ackoff Decision Support , D. S. Staller L. Van Horn Gallagher (1961) , Ackoff (1967)

8 Systems: G. A. Gorry M. S. Scott Morton 26 R. N. Anthony 27 H. A. Simon Structured Decision Systems Gorry=Scott Morton (1971). 27 Anthony (1965). 28 Simon (1977) Gorry=Scott Morton (1971), p Anthony (1965) Anthony (1965) Anthony (1965) Simon (1977) Simon (1977) Gorry=Scott Morton (1971), pp McCosh=Scott Morton (1978), p.10. Keen=Scott Morton (1978), p.1. 8

9 R. H. Sprague, Jr. E. D. Carlson 37 Executive Information Systems: Executive Support Systems: Office Automation M. D. Zisman End User Computing: 37 Sprague= Carlson (1982), Rockart=Treacy (1982), Rockart=De Long (1988) Zisman (1978), pp.12. 9

10 C. Wiseman Strategic Information Systems Davis (1985), Emery (1987). 43 Wiseman (1988) Wiseman (1988) Management Support Systems: Wiseman (1988) Ibid.,

11 conventional perspective strategic perspective 48 Computerized Reservation Systems: Business Process Re-engineering: 51 M. Hammer J. Champy Ibid., Ibid., Hammer=Champy (1993) Ibid.,

12 54 T. H. Davenport A. D. Chandler, Jr. 57 H. I. Ansoff Enterprise Resource Management: 1990 Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Ibid., Davenport (1993) Davenport (1993) Chandler (1962) Ansoff (1965) P. and T. 12

13 60 collaboration: Knowledge Management: M. Polanyi 68 Johnson-Lentz 1984 I. Greif P. Cashman , , Schrage (1990), Nonaka=Takeuchi (1995) Polanyi (1966). 13

14 emergence Nonaka=Takeuchi (1995) von Krogh=Ichijo=Nonaka (2000)

15

16 Supply Chain Planning Supply Chain Management Linux

17 Mintzberg (1989). 84 Peters=Waterman (1982) b

18 86 Ackoff, R. L. (1967), Management Misinformation Systems, Management Science, Vol.14, No.4, pp Anthony, R. N. (1965), Planning and Control Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Harvard University Ansoff, H. I. (1965), Corporate Strategy, McGraw-Hill Barnard, C. I. (1938), The Functions of the Executive, Harvard University Press Burrell, G. and Morgan, G. (1979), Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann Chandler, Jr., A. D. (1962), Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise, MIT Press. Davenport, T. H. (1993), Process Innovation: Reengineering Work through Information Technology, Harvard Business School Press Davis, G. B. and Olson, M. H. (1985), Management Information Systems, Conceptual Foundations, Structure and Development, McGraw-Hill Vol.40, No.6, 1999 Vol.16, No.6,

19 Emery, J. C. (1987), Management Information Systems: The Critical Strategic Resource, Oxford University Press Gallagher, J. D. (1961), Management Information Systems and the Computer, The American Management Association Gorry, G. A. and Scott Morton, M. S. (1971), "A Framework for Management Information Systems," Sloan Management Review, Vol.13, No.1, pp Hammer, M. and Champy, J. (1993), Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Linda Michaels Literary Agency Hirschheim, R. and Klein, H. K. (1989), Four Paradigms of Information Systems Development, Communication of the ACM, Vol.32, No.10, pp Keen, P. G. W. and Scott Morton, M. S. (1978), Decision Support Systems: An Organizational Perspective, Addison-Wesley a b McCosh, A. M. and M. S. Scott Morton (1978), Management Decision Support Systems, Macmillan. 19

20 McDonough, A. M. (1963), Information Economics and Management Systems, McGraw-Hill. Mintzberg, H. (1989), Mintzberg on Management, Free Press IS Vol.36, No.10, bit Vol.23, No bit 1999 Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press Peters, T. J. and Waterman, Jr., R. H. (1982), In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-run Companies, Harper & Row. ( 1983) Polanyi, M. (1966), The Tacit Dimension, Routledge and Kegan Paul Rockart, J. F. and Treacy, M. E. (1982), "The CEO Goes On-Line," Harvard Business Review, January-February, pp Rockart, J. F. and De Long, D. W. (1988), Executive Support Systems: The Emergence of Top Management Computer Use, Homewood

21 Simon, H. A. (1977), The New Science of Management Decision, revised ed., Prentice-Hall Schrage, M. (1990), Shared Mind: The New Technologies of Collaboration, Random House Sprague, Jr., R. H. and Carlson, E. D. (1982), Building Effective Decision Support Systems, Prentice-Hall von Krogh, G. and Ichijo, K. and Nonaka, I. (2000), Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation, Oxford University Press. Wiseman, C. (1988), Strategic Information Systems, Richard D. Irwin Zisman, M. D. (1978), Office Automation: Revolution or Evolution? Sloan Management Review, Vol.19, No.3, pp

22 Burrell=Morgan (1979) 28

23 Gorry=Scott Morton (1971), p.62.

24

25 Wiseman (1988) 85

26 Davenport (1993) 69 Nonaka=Takeuchi (1995) 93106

27 P P P P P P' P P'

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