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1 Performance Improvement of High-Speed Turbomachinery by CFD CFD CFD Turbochargers help greatly increase power output of piston engines, without making engine sizes larger. This also contributes to improvement of the fuel consumption due to the weight reduction of vehicles. Industrial turbo compressors are used in various machines and facilities such as air conditioners, chemical plants, and air compressors for pneumatic systems in factories. Performance of such turbomachinery strongly depends on the flow field inside the compressor. Therefore, the CFD is indispensable to design turbomachinery. Applications of CFD to radial compressors used in turbochargers and industrial air compressors are outlined together with several issues. CFD ( Computational Fluid Dynamics ) CFD ( 1 ), ( 2 ) CFD ( f m y m 0 h ) G f = ( 1 ) 2 r 01 D 2 U2 ( ) C p T 01 p ( g-1 ) g -1 m y = ( 2 ) 2 U 2 ( ) m 0 = C pt 01 T 02 T 01-1 ( 3 ) 2 U 2 h = m y ( 4 ) m 0 C p ( J/ ( kg K ) ) D 2 ( m ) G ( kg/s ) P 01 P 02 ( Pa ) Vol.49 No.2 ( )
2 R ( J/kg K ) T 01 T 02 ( K ) U 2 ( m/s ) g p r 01 ( kg/m 3 ) r 01 = P 01 f m y m 0 h 3. 1 RT ( CFD ) 1 Table ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) B A C A - B B - C 1 Fig. 1 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
3 2 Fig ( a ) ( b ) *1 *1 m y h CFD CFD CFD CFD f 3 Fig. 3 f *1 f CFD m y ( 2 ) p 4 3 h m 0 ( 3 ) T 01 3 T 02 4 m y ( 4 ) CFD f Fig. 4 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
4 f = *1 U 2 ( T - T 01 ) / T 02 T T 01 3 T ( 2 ) p ( 3 ) CFD A A ( m ) 5 f Fig. 5 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
5 ( a ) ( b ) 3 ( ) ( c ) ( d ) R ( ) ( ) f Fig. 6 1 u = 1 k ln y K + B u t u y u t t 0 r u t = ( t 0 /r ) 0.5 k B K 7 2 k-e 8 CFD ( a ) ( b ) 7 Fig. 7 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
6 2 Table CFD 2 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) CFD m y h CFD CFD f 8 Fig. 8 9 Ra 1.6 Ra CFD Ra ( m ) 10 Ra Fig CFD 1 ( 4 ), ( 5 ) 11 ( 6 ) ( a ) ( b ) 9 Fig. 9 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
7 DC IGV 11 ( IGV : Inlet Guide Vane ) IGV Fig IGV IGV 12 IGV 13 CFD 3. 4 ( 7 ), ( 8 ) ( a ) IGV ( b ) 12 Fig. 12 ( a ) ( b ) 13 Fig. 13 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
8 述の速度分布と同様に温度の分布が大きく変化する層が現 にまとめたものであり 解析あるいは実験に基づくさま れる この層を温度境界層と呼び 速度分布から定義され ざまな計算式が提案されている しかし 近年 CFD に る境界層を速度境界層と呼んでいる 温度境界層は速度境 よって流体の運動と流体 固体間の伝熱問題を連成させ 界層と共存し 両層の厚さは通常一致しない て計算する流体 伝熱連成解析 Conjugate Heat Transfer 流体と物体との間の熱移動 熱伝達 は流体と物体と Analysis 以下 CHT 解析 と呼ぶ が可能となった 以 の接触面 壁面 における熱伝導によるものであり 壁 下に CHT 解析の適用事例を示す 面近傍の温度勾配に依存する この温度勾配 温度分布 解析モデルの概観を第 14 図に示す 解析対象は車両用 は流体の運動に伴うエネルギー輸送と深く関連しており 過給機であり スクロール シールプレートおよびインペ 流体と物体との間の熱移動および温度分布を見積るために ラ タービン軸の一部を含む とした 軸受よりタービ は 速度境界層 つまり 物体周りの流れ の状態を把 ン側の計算はせず 計算領域の境界面で温度を指定するこ 握する必要がある ととした また計算領域は 計算時間を削減するため 長 したがって 熱伝達の問題は 物体の形状や種類によっ 羽根 1 翼間 1 ピッチ ここでは 長羽根が 7 枚である て熱移動量が決定される固体内の熱移動 熱伝導 と比 ので約 51.4 ( ) に対応 のみとし 周期境界を 較して複雑な要因を含んでいる そこで 熱伝達による移 適用する また 非軸対称形状であるスクロールは代表 動熱量の見積りは熱伝達係数と呼ばれる係数と壁面温度と 断面を選び その面をインペラの回転軸周りに 1 ピッチ 壁面から十分はなれた流体 主流 との温度差を用いて 分 ここでは約 51.4 だけ回転させた軸対称物で近似し 行われてきた この熱伝達係数は物体の形状や種類 流 ている 計算に用いた格子の概観を第 15 図に示す 流体 れの状態などの要因が移動熱量に及ぼす影響を一つの係数 部 固体部を合わせた総格子点数は約 250 万点である ( a ) 全 体 ( b ) インペラ ケーシングトリートメントキャビティ スクロール シールプレート ケーシングトリートメント キャビティ タービン軸 インペラ インペラ タービン側 第 14 図 解析モデル概観 Fig. 14 Computational model of CHT analysis ( a ) 全 体 ( b ) インペラ 第 15 図 計算格子 Fig. 15 Computational grid IHI 技報 Vol.49 No.2 ( ) 115
9 16 16 ( a ) 16 ( b ) T T ref 17 ( T - Tref ) / Tref CHT 17 Fig. 17 CFD ( a ) ( ) 0.61 ( ) 0.40 ( T - Tref ) / Tref ( T - T ref ) / T ref ( b ) ( W/m2 ) ( W/m 2 ) Fig. 16 Vol.49 No.2 ( )
10 3 Table 3 CFD 3.1 Spalart-Allmaras 3.2 Fluent Realizable k-e 3.3 Fluent k-e 3.4 Fluent Spalart-Allmaras CFD CFD CFD CFD 3 ( 1 ) CFD pp ( 2 ) CFD pp ( 3 ) pp ( 4 ) A. Ghenaiet, R. L Elder and S. C. Tan : PARTICLES TRAJECTORIES THROUGH AN AXIAL FAN AND PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION DUE TO SAND INGESTION Proceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO GT-0497 ( 2001 ) ( 5 ) A. Ghenaiet S. C. Tan and R. L Elder : NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE AXIAL FAN PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION DUE TO SAND INGESTION Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2002 GT ( 2002 ) ( 6 ) 1978 pp ( 7 ) Y. Yamagata, S. Nagai, K. Nakano and T. Kawakubo : Prediction and measurement of turbocharger compressor wheel temperature 8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging CD-ROM ( 2006 ) ( 8 ) Vai-Man Lei and T. Kawakubo : A FAST METHOD FOR CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF CENRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR Proceedings of IMECE 2007 IMECE ( 2007 ) Vol.49 No.2 ( )
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5 2011 12 14 Distributed temperature sensor (DTS) technology is used widespreadly among many applications, such as temperature monitoring in plant engineering. The author has developped a novel DTS, capable
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問題を解こう. 熱力学の基礎 問題. 容積 [m ] の密閉容器内に 温度 0[ ] 質量 0[kg] の酸素が含まれている この容器内の圧力を求めよ ただし 酸素の気体定数を R= 59.8[J/kg K] とする 解答 酸素の体積 V=m 質量 m=0kg なので 酸素の比容積 v=/0 m /kg である 式 (.) において ガス定数 R=59.8 温度 T=(0+7)K であるので 圧力