95NBK-final.dvi

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "95NBK-final.dvi"

Transcription

1 focus particle (scale) (scalar reading) The basic semantic function of `toritate'(designting)-particles in Japanese, which correspond to so-called `focus particles' in English, is to designate an object in the context as the focused element, and to quantify the set of its alternatives (contrastive objects). Among those particles, some induce a kind of scalar readings (interpretations) depending on their context. For these scalar readings, an ordered structure among the set of alternatives is set up. But the ways those readings are induced dier depending on the particle used and the context it is in. These dierences lead to further subtle but signicant dierences among those readings. In this paper, we examine four of those scalar particles, SAE, MO, MADE, and DAKE, and try to clarify the dierences among the scalar readings. 1 [16] [[16], p.8] [10] { { { { [[10], p.108] 1

2 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) a. b. come(t) (5) a. b. come(t) ^9x 2 C((x 6= t) ^:come(x)) (6) a. b. come(t) ^9x 2 C((x 6= t) ^ come(x)) (7) a. b. come(t) ^8x 2 C((x 6= t) :come(x)) b a C C (t) (alternatives) A B (8) a. MO(A; B) ((A \ B 6= ) ^ (A \ B 6= )) b. DAKE(A; B) (A \ B = ) c. WA(A; B) ((A \ B 6= ) ^ (A \ B 6= )) (scale) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 2

3 (14) (9) (scale) (10) (11)(12) (13) (9) (14) (15) (16) (17) (15) (16) (17) (10) (scale) (scalar reading) [10] [16] (18) (9) (10) (11),(12) (13),(14) (6) (15),(16) (7) (17) (18) 2 1 (9)(13)(14)(15)(16) 3

4 (19) a. b. c. (19) (20) a. b. c. d. NP( )- -P redicate( ) NP( )- - P redicate( ) NP( )- -Pred( ) (21) NP particle P redicate particle = f g (20) jnp j=a jpredicatej=p (22) a. P (A) b. 8x 2 C(x 6= A (P (A) ) P(x))) c. 9x 2 C(x 6= A ^ P (x)) d. 8x 2 C(P(x)) (22a) (21) A P (22b) A (alternatives) C P A (20b) A P (22a) (22c) (existential implicature) (20c) (22d) (20d) `)' (22a) (22b) (22d) (22c) (22d) (22a)? (22d)? (22c) (22b) (22b) `)' (19) (15) 4

5 `even' `)' [5] `least likely' [1] `more surprizing' [4] `more informative' 1 `)' 2.1 (22b) (22b) (23) jsaej = xp (P(x) ^8y 2 C((y 6= x) (P (x) ) P(y)))) x C P `)' x (22a)(22b) (22d) (22a)(22b) `)' (22c) (22d) 2 3 (22) $ (22a) (22b)? (22d)? % (22c) ' & 2.2 (25) (16) (26) (16) (16) (26) 1 [4] `more informative' Grice 2 (presupposition) (conventional implicature) (conversational implicature) 3 (19a) (24) (22d) `)' (deontic) (22d) 5

6 (27) (28) [16] X P P X P P X P P [[16], p.108] (scale) (22) (6) (22c) (22c) (22c) (29) jmoj = xp(p (x) ^9y 2 C((y 6= x) ^ P (y))) (22a)(22c) (22b)(22d) (scale) (30) 8x1;x2 2 C(((P (x1) ) P (x2)) _ (P (x2) ) P (x1))) ^ (((P (x1) ) P(x2)) ^ (P (x2) ) P(x1))) x1 =x2)) C `)' 4 (29) (22c) A P A1 (30) (31) (P (A1) ) P (A)) _ (P (A) ) P (A1)) (30) A1 A A1 A P (A) A1 A (32) P (A1) ) P (A) P(A1) P (A) Grice (informativeness) (32) P (A1) P(A) (informative) P (A1) (uninformative) P (A) P (A) (33) P (A) ) P (A1) 4`)' 6

7 P (A) P(A1) (informative) P (A1) P(A) P(A1) A1 (scale) A P (A) A A1 A (22b) (22b) (scale) (22a) (22c) (30)? (22b)? (22d) 2.3 [16] (21) A P A A (34) (35) (36) (34)(35) (36) A (37) a. b. 5 (35) (36) A (35)(36) (35) (36) (38) 5 [10] 7

8 (38) (??) P P P A (39) 8x 2 C(x 6= A A<x) (22b) P (39) A A C A (39) (22b) (22a) (39)? (22d)? (22b) 3 1 [10] [16] (40) 2.1 (41) a. b. c. d. (42) a. b. c. d. 8

9 (41a) (41b,c) (41d) (41a) (42) (42d) (42a) (41a) (43) a. b. c. (41) (17a) [6][7] (44) a. b. (44b) [2][9] (44a) (44a) (44a) 3.1 [10] (45) a. b. (45a) (45b) ad hoc (41)(45) (41a) (23) 6 6 P Q(if P then Q) 9

10 (46) a. (wide scope) jsaej( )(P(if P then ))= (if then )^ 8R 2 C(R 6= ((if then ))(if R then ))) b. (narrow scope) (if jsaej( )(x(x )) then )= (if ( ^8y(y 6= ( ) y ))) then ) (46a) 2.1 (22c,d) (47) a. 9R 2 C((R 6=( )) ^ (if R then )) b. 8R 2 C(if R then ) (47b) (41a) (41a)(45a) (46b) (41a) (45) (45b) (48) (45) (45a) (45b) (41a) (49) A,B,C (50) (B < A < C) (51) B A C (50)??? - 10

11 (51) a. (A ) 8x ((x A) (x )) b. (A ) 8x ((x >A) :(x )) (41a) [10] 3.2 (17)(41d) (52) jdake j = xp (P (x) ^8y 2 C(P (y) y = x)) (41d) (53) a. (wide scope) jdake j( )(P( if P then )) = (if then ) ^8R 2 C((if R then ) R =( )) b. (narrow scope) (if jdake j( )(x(x )) then ) = (if ( ^8y(y y = )) then ) (53a) (53b) [13] (54) a. b. c. (54) [13] (54a) (54b) (54c) 11

12 (55) (wide scope) (narrow scope) (54a) { { + (54b) { + + (54c) + + { (56) (56) (54b) (54b) (56) (54b) (57) a. b. c. 7 4 (scale) (focus) (focus) 7 [4] `plus' (58) a. George drank a little wine, a little brandy, a little rum, a little calvados, plus a little armagnac. b. George drank a little wine, a little brandy, a little rum, a little calvados, even a little armagnac. (58a) (58b) 12

13 (focus) (scale) (focus) (59) (9) (10) (11),(12) (13),(14) + (6) (15),(16),(60) (7) (17),(61) (60) (61) (60) (61) no more than [1] Bennet, J. (1982). Even if. Linguistics and Philosophy, 5:403{418. [2] Harada, Y. and N. Noguchi (1992). On the Semantics and Pragmatics of dake (and only). In the proceedings of the SALT II, Ohio State University Press. 13

14 [3] Hoeksema, J. and Zwarts, F. (1991). Remarks on Focus Adverbs. Journal of Semantics,851{70. [4] Kay, P. (1991). Even. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16: [5] Karttunen, L., and Peters, S. (1979). Conventional Implicature. In C-K. Oh and D. Dinneen (eds.), Syntax and Semantics, Vol.11. Academic Press, New York, 1{56. [6] (1983)... [7] (1971).,, 10:1-27. [8] Noguchi, N. and Y. Harada (1992). Semantic and Pragmatic Interpretations of Japanese Sentences with DAKE (ONLY). In the proceedings of COLING-92. [9], (1993)., 10. [10] (1986).,,. [11] (1991).,, 3. [12] (1993).,. [13] (1994).,. [14] Rooth, M.E.: (1985). Association with Focus. PhD. Dissertation, UMass. [15] Taglicht, J. (1984). Message and Emphasis: On focus and scope in English. Longman. [16] (1991). III.. [17] von Stechow, A. (1989). Focusing and Backgrounding Operators. In Fachgruppe Sprachwissenschaft der Universitat Konstanz, Arbeitspapier Nr.6. 14

x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y)

x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y) x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 1 1977 x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y) ( x 2 y + xy 2 x 2 2xy y 2) = 15 (x y) (x + y) (xy

More information

48 * *2

48 * *2 374-1- 17 2 1 1 B A C A C 48 *2 49-2- 2 176 176 *2 -3- B A A B B C A B A C 1 B C B C 2 B C 94 2 B C 3 1 6 2 8 1 177 C B C C C A D A A B A 7 B C C A 3 C A 187 187 C B 10 AC 187-4- 10 C C B B B B A B 2 BC

More information

O E ( ) A a A A(a) O ( ) (1) O O () 467

O E ( ) A a A A(a) O ( ) (1) O O () 467 1 1.0 16 1 ( 1 1 ) 1 466 1.1 1.1.1 4 O E ( ) A a A A(a) O ( ) (1) O O () 467 ( ) A(a) O A 0 a x ( ) A(3), B( ), C 1, D( 5) DB C A x 5 4 3 1 0 1 3 4 5 16 A(1), B( 3) A(a) B(b) d ( ) A(a) B(b) d AB d = d(a,

More information

An Empirical Study on Media Frames: How the Newspapers Covered "All Five Walks" in the Summer High School Baseball Tournament in 1992. IBARAGI Yoshiko Recently the role of "media frames" in the process

More information

04年度LS民法Ⅰ教材改訂版.PDF

04年度LS民法Ⅰ教材改訂版.PDF ?? A AB A B C AB A B A B A B A A B A 98 A B A B A B A B B A A B AB AB A B A BB A B A B A B A B A B A AB A B B A B AB A A C AB A C A A B A B B A B A B B A B A B B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

More information

null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no

null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no null element [...] An element which, in some particular description, is posited as existing at a certain point in a structure even though there is no overt phonetic material present to represent it. Trask

More information

The Bulletin of the Institute of Human Sciences, Toyo University, No. 7 The Semantic Role and Function of GA and WO as object markers in Japanese WANG Yaxin The purpose of this paper is to analyze the

More information

untitled

untitled JAIS 1 2 1 2 In this paper, we focus on the pauses that partly characterize the utterances of simultaneous interpreters, and attempt to analyze the results of experiments conducted using human subjects

More information

Kyushu Communication Studies 第2号

Kyushu Communication Studies 第2号 Kyushu Communication Studies. 2004. 2:1-11 2004 How College Students Use and Perceive Pictographs in Cell Phone E-mail Messages IGARASHI Noriko (Niigata University of Health and Welfare) ITOI Emi (Bunkyo

More information

Grice (1957) S x p S A x 1. A p 2. A S 1 3. A S 1 p (intention-based semantics) S p x (Strawson 1964; Grice 1969; Schiffer 1972; Harman 1974; Bennett

Grice (1957) S x p S A x 1. A p 2. A S 1 3. A S 1 p (intention-based semantics) S p x (Strawson 1964; Grice 1969; Schiffer 1972; Harman 1974; Bennett 2016/10/21 1 (implicature) (presupposition) (speech act) Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) (inferential model) 2 Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) (code model) (1) (2) (3) (5) 1 Grice (1957) S x p S A x 1. A p 2.

More information

KII, Masanobu Vol.7 No Spring

KII, Masanobu Vol.7 No Spring KII, Masanobu 1 2 3 4 5 2 2.1 1945 60196075 19759019904 002 Vol.7 No.1 2004 Spring 1194560 1 1946 2 195328 3 4 1958 1960 2196075 5 6 7 8 1946 2 1972 1/23/4 1974 1968481973 1969 3197590 9 1980 1987 41990

More information

24 Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements

24 Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements 24 Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements 1130313 2013 3 1 3D 3D 3D 2 2 i Abstract Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements It will become more usual

More information

J53-01

J53-01 53 Bulletin of Hiroshima Jogakuin University : 126Dec. 2003 1 TAT 200310 Object relations in TAT analysis Kyoko YAMASHITA Abstract I carried out TAT with 54 female university students as subjects, and

More information

II

II I Rina Kikuchi / 3 1928 7 1876 1941 1 1891 1944 2 1888 1970 1903 1951 3 1256 2 2 3 4 33 018 2012 autumn / No.393 4 5 1929 6 1 1 5 7 8 II 1 5 2011 7 6 284 7 5 8 019 44 1886 1971 9 10 2 1913 14 12 2 18 11

More information

15 2002 42 3 5) 6) 2 (1855) 10 (1921) 7) 1 42 9 5 43 5 13 2 4 1 5 2 5 II 8) 75 9) 75 75 1 5 42 9 19 23 6 42 10 18 21 7 42 11 23 27 8 42 12 18 19 9 43

15 2002 42 3 5) 6) 2 (1855) 10 (1921) 7) 1 42 9 5 43 5 13 2 4 1 5 2 5 II 8) 75 9) 75 75 1 5 42 9 19 23 6 42 10 18 21 7 42 11 23 27 8 42 12 18 19 9 43 1) I IV I II III 19 (1944) 2) IV I II III 3) I II II II 42 I II 42 (1909) 44 (1911) 4) 42 (1909)5 41 15 2002 42 3 5) 6) 2 (1855) 10 (1921) 7) 1 42 9 5 43 5 13 2 4 1 5 2 5 II 8) 75 9) 75 75 1 5 42 9 19

More information

さくらの個別指導 ( さくら教育研究所 ) A 2 P Q 3 R S T R S T P Q ( ) ( ) m n m n m n n n

さくらの個別指導 ( さくら教育研究所 ) A 2 P Q 3 R S T R S T P Q ( ) ( ) m n m n m n n n 1 1.1 1.1.1 A 2 P Q 3 R S T R S T P 80 50 60 Q 90 40 70 80 50 60 90 40 70 8 5 6 1 1 2 9 4 7 2 1 2 3 1 2 m n m n m n n n n 1.1 8 5 6 9 4 7 2 6 0 8 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1.1 2 4 7 1 1 3 7 5 2 3 5 0 3 4 1 6 9 1

More information

tikeya[at]shoin.ac.jp The Function of Quotation Form -tte as Sentence-final Particle Tomoko IKEYA Kobe Shoin Women s University Institute of Linguisti

tikeya[at]shoin.ac.jp The Function of Quotation Form -tte as Sentence-final Particle Tomoko IKEYA Kobe Shoin Women s University Institute of Linguisti tikeya[at]shoin.ac.jp The Function of Quotation Form -tte as Sentence-final Particle Tomoko IKEYA Kobe Shoin Women s University Institute of Linguistic Sciences Abstract 1. emphasis 2. Speaker s impressions

More information

4 23 4 Author s E-mail Address: kyamauchi@shoin.ac.jp; ksakui@shoin.ac.jp Japanese Elementary School Teachers Four Skills English Ability: A Self-evaluation Analysis YAMAUCHI Keiko, SAKUI Keiko Faculty

More information

Kyoto University * Filipino Students in Japan and International Relations in the 1930s: An Aspect of Soft Power Policies in Imperial Japan

Kyoto University * Filipino Students in Japan and International Relations in the 1930s: An Aspect of Soft Power Policies in Imperial Japan 47 2 2009 9 * Filipino Students in Japan and International Relations in the 1930s: An Aspect of Soft Power Policies in Imperial Japan KINOSHITA Akira* Abstract The purpose of this paper is to look into

More information

〈論文〉組織改革の成果に関する予備的調査--社内カンパニー制導入が財務的業績に与える影響

〈論文〉組織改革の成果に関する予備的調査--社内カンパニー制導入が財務的業績に与える影響 Abstract Under the pressure of 10-year long economic decline, Japanese firms are struggling to improve their profitability. As one of the ways to do it, Japanese large firms have begun to reorganize their

More information

日本人の子育て観-JGSS-2008 データに見る社会の育児能力に対する評価-

日本人の子育て観-JGSS-2008 データに見る社会の育児能力に対する評価- JGSS-2008 JGSS Japanese Attitudes Toward Childrearing: Opinions About the Ability to Raise Children in Japanese Society Based on JGSS-2008 Data Takayuki SASAKI JGSS Research Center Osaka University of

More information

12021108_07.indd

12021108_07.indd 雯 A Study of Japanese Time Adverbs Focusing on Adverbs that Express Immediacy Wen - Shun CAIANG Tamkang University of Taiwan This study focuses on adverbs that express immediacy : sugu, sikyuu, tadachini,

More information

vol.31_H1-H4.ai

vol.31_H1-H4.ai http://www.jmdp.or.jp/ http://www.donorsnet.jp/ CONTENTS 29 8,715 Vol. 31 2 3 ac ad bc bd ab cd 4 Point! Point! Point! 5 Point! Point! 6 7 314 611 122 4 125 2 72 2 102 3 2 260 312 0 3 14 3 14 18 14 60

More information

Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition. N. Y. : The World Publishing Co., 1966. [WNWD) Webster 's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language-Unabridged.

More information

ABSTRACT The Social Function of Boys' Secondary Schools in Modern Japan: From the Perspectives of Repeating and Withdrawal TERASAKI, Satomi (Graduate School, Ochanomizu University) 1-4-29-13-212, Miyamaedaira,

More information

行列代数2010A

行列代数2010A a ij i j 1) i +j i, j) ij ij 1 j a i1 a ij a i a 1 a j a ij 1) i +j 1,j 1,j +1 a i1,1 a i1,j 1 a i1,j +1 a i1, a i +1,1 a i +1.j 1 a i +1,j +1 a i +1, a 1 a,j 1 a,j +1 a, ij i j 1,j 1,j +1 ij 1) i +j a

More information

untitled

untitled yoshi@image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp http://www.image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp/member/yoshi/ II Excel, Mathematica Mathematica Osaka Electro-Communication University (2007 Apr) 09849-31503-64015-30704-18799-390 http://www.image.med.osaka-u.ac.jp/member/yoshi/

More information

(1) i NGO ii (2) 112

(1) i NGO ii (2) 112 MEMOIRS OF SHONAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Vol. 41, No. 1, 2007 * * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 Service Learning for Engineering Students Satsuki TASAKA*, Mitsutoshi ISHIMURA* 2, Hikaru MIZUTANI* 3, Naoyuki

More information

lagged behind social progress. During the wartime Chonaikai did cooperate with military activities. But it was not Chonaikai alone that cooperated. Al

lagged behind social progress. During the wartime Chonaikai did cooperate with military activities. But it was not Chonaikai alone that cooperated. Al The Development of Chonaikai in Tokyo before The Last War Hachiro Nakamura The urban neighborhood association in Japan called Chonaikai has been more often than not criticized by many social scientists.

More information

早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Ec

早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Ec 早稲田大学現代政治経済研究所 ダブルトラック オークションの実験研究 宇都伸之早稲田大学上條良夫高知工科大学船木由喜彦早稲田大学 No.J1401 Working Paper Series Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Economic Affairs Waseda University 169-8050 Tokyo,Japan

More information

,,,,., C Java,,.,,.,., ,,.,, i

,,,,., C Java,,.,,.,., ,,.,, i 24 Development of the programming s learning tool for children be derived from maze 1130353 2013 3 1 ,,,,., C Java,,.,,.,., 1 6 1 2.,,.,, i Abstract Development of the programming s learning tool for children

More information

Bull. of Nippon Sport Sci. Univ. 47 (1) Devising musical expression in teaching methods for elementary music An attempt at shared teaching

Bull. of Nippon Sport Sci. Univ. 47 (1) Devising musical expression in teaching methods for elementary music An attempt at shared teaching Bull. of Nippon Sport Sci. Univ. 47 (1) 45 70 2017 Devising musical expression in teaching methods for elementary music An attempt at shared teaching materials for singing and arrangements for piano accompaniment

More information

4 8 6 1 1 4 8 2001, 3 2 Marshall [1890]1920, 240 19 1 2001 2008 1990 1997 2007 2 Marshall [1890]1920

4 8 6 1 1 4 8 2001, 3 2 Marshall [1890]1920, 240 19 1 2001 2008 1990 1997 2007 2 Marshall [1890]1920 8 2011. 3 199 213 D. H. D. H. 1877-1953 The Evolution of Industry 1911 1904 1908 1919 1922 45 1906 Industrial Combination 2009 20 4 8 6 1 1 4 8 2001, 3 2 Marshall [1890]1920, 240 19 1 2001 2008 1990 1997

More information

NINJAL Research Papers No.3

NINJAL Research Papers No.3 (NINJAL Research Papers) 3: 143 159 (2012) ISSN: 2186-134X print/2186-1358 online 143 2012.03 i ii iii 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming * 1. clause-linkage marker CLM 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming 2 3 CLM

More information

RTM RTM Risk terrain terrain RTM RTM 48

RTM RTM Risk terrain terrain RTM RTM 48 Risk Terrain Model I Risk Terrain Model RTM,,, 47 RTM RTM Risk terrain terrain RTM RTM 48 II, RTM CSV,,, RTM Caplan and Kennedy RTM Risk Terrain Modeling Diagnostics RTMDx RTMDx RTMDx III 49 - SNS 50 0

More information

) 9 81

) 9 81 4 4.0 2000 ) 9 81 10 4.1 natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, integral numbers integers 1, 2, 3,, 3, 2, 1 1 4.3 4.3.1 ( ) m, n m 0 n m 82 rational numbers m 1 ( ) 3 = 3 1 4.3.2 3 5 = 2

More information

L3 Japanese (90570) 2008

L3 Japanese (90570) 2008 90570-CDT-08-L3Japanese page 1 of 15 NCEA LEVEL 3: Japanese CD TRANSCRIPT 2008 90570: Listen to and understand complex spoken Japanese in less familiar contexts New Zealand Qualifications Authority: NCEA

More information

授受補助動詞の使用制限に与える敬語化の影響について : 「くださる」「いただく」を用いた感謝表現を中心に

授受補助動詞の使用制限に与える敬語化の影響について : 「くださる」「いただく」を用いた感謝表現を中心に Title 授受補助動詞の使用制限に与える敬語化の影響について : くださる いただく を用いた感謝表現を中心に Author(s) 山口, 真里子 Citation 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル, 6, 69-89 Issue Date 2008-03-21 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/34577 Type bulletin (article) File

More information

( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4)

( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4) 1 1 (lexical conceptual structure, LCS) 2 LCS 3 4 LCS 5 6 2 LCS (1999) LCS 2 (1) [x ACT(-ON y)] CAUSE [BECOME [z BE-AT w]] 1 (1993) ( ) V1 V2 2 (1) y z y z (5.3 ) ( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991)

More information

評論・社会科学 84号(よこ)(P)/3.金子

評論・社会科学 84号(よこ)(P)/3.金子 1 1 1 23 2 3 3 4 3 5 CP 1 CP 3 1 1 6 2 CP OS Windows Mac Mac Windows SafariWindows Internet Explorer 3 1 1 CP 2 2. 1 1CP MacProMacOS 10.4.7. 9177 J/A 20 2 Epson GT X 900 Canon ip 4300 Fujifilm FinePix

More information

( )

( ) 18 10 01 ( ) 1 2018 4 1.1 2018............................... 4 1.2 2018......................... 5 2 2017 7 2.1 2017............................... 7 2.2 2017......................... 8 3 2016 9 3.1 2016...............................

More information

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [1]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [1] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [1] [1] [2] 1 1 3 2.1 3 2.2 6 2.2.1 6 2.2.2 10 2.3 10 2.4 15 20 21 4.1 21 4.1.1 1936 21 4.1.2 1939 24 4.1.3 1950 25 4.1.4 1971 26 4.2 28 4.2.1 1980 28 4.2.2 1991 30 4.2.3 1982 33 4.2.4

More information

2 (1) a = ( 2, 2), b = (1, 2), c = (4, 4) c = l a + k b l, k (2) a = (3, 5) (1) (4, 4) = l( 2, 2) + k(1, 2), (4, 4) = ( 2l + k, 2l 2k) 2l + k = 4, 2l

2 (1) a = ( 2, 2), b = (1, 2), c = (4, 4) c = l a + k b l, k (2) a = (3, 5) (1) (4, 4) = l( 2, 2) + k(1, 2), (4, 4) = ( 2l + k, 2l 2k) 2l + k = 4, 2l ABCDEF a = AB, b = a b (1) AC (3) CD (2) AD (4) CE AF B C a A D b F E (1) AC = AB + BC = AB + AO = AB + ( AB + AF) = a + ( a + b) = 2 a + b (2) AD = 2 AO = 2( AB + AF) = 2( a + b) (3) CD = AF = b (4) CE

More information

Abstract Although physicalism is usually understood as an ontological thesis, it is not clear that what implications this position has on th

Abstract Although physicalism is usually understood as an ontological thesis, it is not clear that what implications this position has on th Title スーパーヴィーニエンス テーゼと存在論的コミットメント : 物理主義の存在論的含意の把握に向けて Author(s) 井頭, 昌彦 Citation 科学哲学, 42(2): 59-73 Issue 2009-10 Date Type Journal Article Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/10086/22102

More information

A(6, 13) B(1, 1) 65 y C 2 A(2, 1) B( 3, 2) C 66 x + 2y 1 = 0 2 A(1, 1) B(3, 0) P 67 3 A(3, 3) B(1, 2) C(4, 0) (1) ABC G (2) 3 A B C P 6

A(6, 13) B(1, 1) 65 y C 2 A(2, 1) B( 3, 2) C 66 x + 2y 1 = 0 2 A(1, 1) B(3, 0) P 67 3 A(3, 3) B(1, 2) C(4, 0) (1) ABC G (2) 3 A B C P 6 1 1 1.1 64 A6, 1) B1, 1) 65 C A, 1) B, ) C 66 + 1 = 0 A1, 1) B, 0) P 67 A, ) B1, ) C4, 0) 1) ABC G ) A B C P 64 A 1, 1) B, ) AB AB = 1) + 1) A 1, 1) 1 B, ) 1 65 66 65 C0, k) 66 1 p, p) 1 1 A B AB A 67

More information

udc-2.dvi

udc-2.dvi 13 0.5 2 0.5 2 1 15 2001 16 2009 12 18 14 No.39, 2010 8 2009b 2009a Web Web Q&A 2006 2007a20082009 2007b200720082009 20072008 2009 2009 15 1 2 2 2.1 18 21 1 4 2 3 1(a) 1(b) 1(c) 1(d) 1) 18 16 17 21 10

More information

10 2000 11 11 48 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) CU-SeeMe NetMeeting Phoenix mini SeeMe Integrated Services Digital Network 64kbps 16kbps 128kbps 384kbps

More information

卒論 提出用ファイル.doc

卒論 提出用ファイル.doc 11 13 1LT99097W (i) (ii) 0. 0....1 1....3 1.1....3 1.2....4 2....7 2.1....7 2.2....8 2.2.1....8 2.2.2....9 2.2.3.... 10 2.3.... 12 3.... 15 Appendix... 17 1.... 17 2.... 19 3.... 20... 22 (1) a. b. c.

More information

87 1. 先行研究 調査方法

87 1. 先行研究 調査方法 86 12 4 2016.10.1 キーワード 要 旨 A D 4 A B C D D B C はじめに 1 2 3 4 1 11-1 52 14 2 12-34 185 16 3 1-18 90 1 4 12-13 146 11 1995 1996 2012 2006 2013 87 1. 先行研究 1 1933 2 2. 調査方法 3 1965 1969 4-4 88 2 5 6 3. より を

More information

新たな基礎年金制度の構築に向けて

新たな基礎年金制度の構築に向けて [ ] 1 1 4 60 1 ( 1 ) 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 ( ) 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1996 1 3 4.3(2) 1997 1 65 1 1 2 1/3 ( )2/3 1 1/3 ( ) 1 1 2 3 2 4 6 2.1 1 2 1 ( ) 13 1 1 1 1 2 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 60 1 1 2.2 (1) (3) ( 9

More information

OS Windows Vista Windows XP PowerPoint2003 Word2003 (a Test No. OS 1 Windows Vista PPT2003 2 Windows Vista Word2003 3 Windows XP PPT2003 4 Windows XP

OS Windows Vista Windows XP PowerPoint2003 Word2003 (a Test No. OS 1 Windows Vista PPT2003 2 Windows Vista Word2003 3 Windows XP PPT2003 4 Windows XP C ommunication In embedded softwares, designing a test process that considers how to perform tests in an efficient way, has been an important problem in a whole development process. By the software test,

More information

NO.80 2012.9.30 3

NO.80 2012.9.30 3 Fukuoka Women s University NO.80 2O12.9.30 CONTENTS 2 2 3 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 NO.80 2012.9.30 3 4 Fukuoka Women s University NO.80 2012.9.30 5 My Life in Japan Widchayapon SASISAKULPON (Ing)

More information

井手友里子.indd

井手友里子.indd I goal of movement Banno 1999 60 61 65 12 2006 1978 1979 2005 1 2004 8 7 10 2005 54 66 Around 40 Around 40 2008 4 6 45 11 2007 4 6 45 9 2 Around 40 A 30A B 30 K C 30 P D 30 S 50 2007 2004 1979 2005 100

More information

,

, , The Big Change of Life Insurance Companies in Japan Hisayoshi TAKEDA Although the most important role of the life insurance system is to secure economic life of the insureds and their

More information

パナソニック技報

パナソニック技報 Panasonic Technical Journal Vol. 59 No. 2 Nov. 2013 Environmental Resistance Technology of Outdoor Surveillance Camera Takaya Kamimura Izumi Satou Jouji Wada Tamotsu Uchida Yuuya Jikihara Hideki Yasuda

More information

II A LexisNexis JP 80, /03/

II A LexisNexis JP 80, /03/ 1 20 I II III 1 2 3 4 IV I Makiko Noto / 1 1933 8 2 2004 16 3 1 1963 101 118 11 1965 291 332 2 4 1985 247 262 3 446 2 3 465 2 465 5 2004 16= 2005 2005 004 2012 summer / No.392 3 4 5 80 6 7 5 20 8 II A

More information

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2

1 Abstract 2 3 n a ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) 2 = b2 4ac 2a 4a 2 D = b 2 4ac > 0 (1) 2 D = 0 D < 0 x + b 2a = ± b2 4ac 2a b ± b 2 1 Abstract n 1 1.1 a ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0) (1) ( x + b ) = b 4ac a 4a D = b 4ac > 0 (1) D = 0 D < 0 x + b a = ± b 4ac a b ± b 4ac a b a b ± 4ac b i a D (1) ax + bx + c D 0 () () (015 8 1 ) 1. D = b 4ac

More information

-1- -2- -1- A -1- -2- -3- -1- -2- -1- -2- -1- http://www.unicef.or.jp/kenri.syouyaku.htm -2- 1 2 http://www.stat.go.jp/index.htm http://portal.stat.go.jp/ 1871.8.28 1.4 11.8 42.7 19.3

More information

漸化式のすべてのパターンを解説しましたー高校数学の達人・河見賢司のサイト

漸化式のすべてのパターンを解説しましたー高校数学の達人・河見賢司のサイト https://www.hmg-gen.com/tuusin.html https://www.hmg-gen.com/tuusin1.html 1 2 OK 3 4 {a n } (1) a 1 = 1, a n+1 a n = 2 (2) a 1 = 3, a n+1 a n = 2n a n a n+1 a n = ( ) a n+1 a n = ( ) a n+1 a n {a n } 1,

More information

148_hayatsu.indd

148_hayatsu.indd Gengo Kenkyu 148: 143 174 2015 * 1. 2 1 2 1 * 144 3 I a. b. II a. b. I II 3 3 2 1 -( ) -( ) 2 1 cause causative verb 1997 1998 2000 V-( ) 2 1924 -( ) -( ) 145 2. 2.1. 2007 2 3 1908 2 1977 Shibatani 197319781986

More information

SPSS

SPSS The aging of residents who moved suburban new town in young is progressing. However, such residents tend to consider the service life of their houses only in terms of the time they will be occupying it.

More information

e.g., Mahoney, Vandell, Simpkins, & Zarrett, Bohnert, Fredricks, & Randall2010 breadth intensitydurationengagement e.g., Mahone

e.g., Mahoney, Vandell, Simpkins, & Zarrett, Bohnert, Fredricks, & Randall2010 breadth intensitydurationengagement e.g., Mahone 2014 25 4 453465 1 670 6 1 2 2008, 2009 2002 e.g., 2002; 1999 100 1 2 2013; 2002; 1999 1 2007 2009 2006; 20082006 2013 454 254 e.g., Mahoney, Vandell, Simpkins, & Zarrett, 2009 1 23 2013 Bohnert, Fredricks,

More information

日本語と中国語の受動文に見られる類~ 久/P.41~63 王 亜新

日本語と中国語の受動文に見られる類~ 久/P.41~63 王 亜新 affective passive affectee topic-prominent language topic-comment sentence argument structure topic She was told a long story. The students were asked a very difficult question. asahi.com asahi.com *

More information

学位研究17号

学位研究17号 1715 3 The Student Transfer and the Articulation System in Chinese Higher Education HUANG Meiying Research in Academic Degrees, No. 17 March, 2003the article The Journal on Academic Degrees of National

More information

untitled

untitled 2010 58 1 39 59 c 2010 20 2009 11 30 2010 6 24 6 25 1 1953 12 2008 III 1. 5, 1961, 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992 12 2008 2008 226 0015 32 40 58 1 2010 III 2., 2009 3 #3.xx #3.1 #3.2 1 1953 2 1958 12 2008 1 2

More information

高等学校学習指導要領解説 数学編

高等学校学習指導要領解説 数学編 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 1 1 10 1 1 2 4 16 15 18 18 18 19 19 20 19 19 20 1 20 2 22 25 3 23 4 24 5 26 28 28 30 28 28 1 28 2 30 3 31 35 4 33 5 34 36 36 36 40 36 1 36 2 39 3 41 4 42 45 45 45 46 5 1 46 2 48 3

More information

-like BCCWJ CD-ROM CiNii NII BCCWJ BCCWJ

-like BCCWJ CD-ROM CiNii NII BCCWJ BCCWJ -like BCCWJ CD-ROM CiNii NII BCCWJ BCCWJ BCCWJ Yahoo! Yahoo! BCCWJ BCCWJ BCCWJ BOAO PS Zipper CLASSY with Oggi Precious JJ GINZA Domani Precious Oggi ViVi GINZA BCCWJ NEXTSTEP Windows XP FD ELO KIDDIES

More information

123-099_Y05…X…`…‘…“†[…h…•

123-099_Y05…X…`…‘…“†[…h…• 1. 2 1993 2001 2 1 2 1 2 1 99 2009. 1982 250 251 1991 112 115 1988 75 2004 132 2006 73 3 100 3 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.. 3.1 1991 2002 2004 3 4 101 2009 3 4 4 5 1 5 6 1 102 5 6 3.2 2 7 8 2 X Y Z Z X 103 2009

More information

,,.,,.,..,.,,,.,, Aldous,.,,.,,.,,, NPO,,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,..,,,,.,

,,.,,.,..,.,,,.,, Aldous,.,,.,,.,,, NPO,,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,..,,,,., J. of Population Problems. pp.,.,,,.,,..,,..,,,,.,.,,...,.,,..,.,,,. ,,.,,.,..,.,,,.,, Aldous,.,,.,,.,,, NPO,,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,..,,,,., ,,.,,..,,.,.,.,,,,,.,.,.,,,. European Labour Force Survey,,.,,,,,,,

More information

JGSS-2000にみる有権者の政治意識

JGSS-2000にみる有権者の政治意識 JGSS-2000 Party Identification and political attitudes in JGSS-2000 Satoko YASUNO and Ken ichi IKEDA The purpose of this paper is to examine political attitudes among Japanese electorates. It should be

More information

熊本県数学問題正解

熊本県数学問題正解 00 y O x Typed by L A TEX ε ( ) (00 ) 5 4 4 ( ) http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ oboetene/plan/. ( ) (009 ) ( ).. http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ oboetene/plan/eng.html 8 i i..................................... ( )0... (

More information

2 10 The Bulletin of Meiji University of Integrative Medicine 1,2 II 1 Web PubMed elbow pain baseball elbow little leaguer s elbow acupun

2 10 The Bulletin of Meiji University of Integrative Medicine 1,2 II 1 Web PubMed elbow pain baseball elbow little leaguer s elbow acupun 10 1-14 2014 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 4 Web PubMed elbow pain baseball elbow little leaguer s elbow acupuncture electric acupuncture 2003 2012 10 39 32 Web PubMed Key words growth stage elbow pain baseball elbow

More information

282-253_Y13™n‹ä

282-253_Y13™n‹ä . web web 1.1 Bühler 1921Bühler 1967 1969 Bühler 253 2009 Allport 1942 1970 1986 1972 Allport 1942 1970 97 198631 Bühler 3 6 1967 130 46 254 1950 1938 3,563 6 5 4 56 5 1 23 255 2009 5 1972Bühler 6 19551,751

More information

13....*PDF.p

13....*PDF.p 36 2005 2006 3 237 250 1 1990 2 3 4 5 6 239 10 90 1993 1997 1998a 10 10 1 90 1 2 3 4 5 1990 1 1990 201 2004 141 108 105 2 54 75 1970 1980 1990 49 2 2004 59 8 25 42 1980 1993 25 4 2004 10 6 1994 14 2004

More information

On the Relation between the Deictic Use and the Non-deictic Use of the Japanese Demonstratives SATOSHI KINSUI* This paper addresses the status of deix

On the Relation between the Deictic Use and the Non-deictic Use of the Japanese Demonstratives SATOSHI KINSUI* This paper addresses the status of deix On the Relation between the Deictic Use and the Non-deictic Use of the Japanese Demonstratives SATOSHI KINSUI* This paper addresses the status of deixis and anaphoricity in Japanese demonstrative system.it

More information

A Contrastive Study of Japanese and Korean by Analyzing Mistranslation from Japanese into Korean Yukitoshi YUTANI Japanese, Korean, contrastive study, mistranslation, Japanese-Korean dictionary It is already

More information

2

2 2011 8 6 2011 5 7 [1] 1 2 i ii iii i 3 [2] 4 5 ii 6 7 iii 8 [3] 9 10 11 cf. Abstracts in English In terms of democracy, the patience and the kindness Tohoku people have shown will be dealt with as an exception.

More information

01_梅村佳代_紀要_2007最終

01_梅村佳代_紀要_2007最終 Bull. Nara Univ. Educ., Vol., No. (Cult. & Soc.), An Historical Study of Education in the Tajima Province, from the Late Early-Modern Times until the Early Meiji Era UMEMURA Kayo (Department of School

More information

60 0 0 0 (3) 1. 記 録 されたトラウマ 襲 いかかる 記 憶 2000 30

60 0 0 0 (3) 1. 記 録 されたトラウマ 襲 いかかる 記 憶 2000 30 59 はじめに 2007 (1) 70 1970 (2) UTCP Uehiro Booklet, No. 2, 2013 10 pp. 59 72 60 0 0 0 (3) 1. 記 録 されたトラウマ 襲 いかかる 記 憶 2000 30 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 2007a: 165) ( 2007a: 165) 62 ( 2007a: 170) 0 0 0 GI 0 GI (

More information

昭和恐慌期における長野県下農業・農村と産業組合の展開過程

昭和恐慌期における長野県下農業・農村と産業組合の展開過程 No. 3, 169-180 (2002) The Family in Modern Japan: its Past, Present and Future An Essay at Restoring Love as the Basis of Family Ties YAMANE Naoko Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural

More information

Oda

Oda No.53 pp.2334, 2017 Komazawa Journal of Geography Distribution of Christianity and the Division of the Region in Prewar Japan ODA Masayasu Oda1999 1. 18991939 1 2. 18991939 1918 3. 190019391939 4. 5. 6.

More information

033L4_産能大紀要

033L4_産能大紀要 Stock Options and Disregarding the Corporate Fiction Sanno University Bulletin Vol.25 No. 2 February 2005 Stock Options and Disregarding the Corporate Fiction "Disregarding the Corporate Fiction" is useful

More information

21 Quantum calculator simulator based on reversible operation

21 Quantum calculator simulator based on reversible operation 21 Quantum calculator simulator based on reversible operation 1100366 2010 3 1 i Abstract Quantum calculator simulator based on reversible operation Ryota Yoshimura Quantum computation is the novel computational

More information

Adams, B.N.,1979. "Mate selection in the United States:A theoretical summarization," in W.R.Burr et.al., eds., Contemporary Theories about the Family, Vol.1 Reserch - Based Theories, The Free Press, 259-265.

More information

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 115 107 102 99 95 97 95 97 98 100 64 72 37 60 50 53 50 36 32 18 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 1 100 () 80 60 40 20 0 1 19 16 10 11 6 8 9 5 10 35 76 83 73 68 46 44 H11

More information

- June 0 0

- June 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - June 0 0 0 - June 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - June 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0

More information

a (a + ), a + a > (a + ), a + 4 a < a 4 a,,, y y = + a y = + a, y = a y = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x, x y,y a y y y ( + a : a ) ( a : a > ) y = (a + ) y = a

a (a + ), a + a > (a + ), a + 4 a < a 4 a,,, y y = + a y = + a, y = a y = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x, x y,y a y y y ( + a : a ) ( a : a > ) y = (a + ) y = a [] a x f(x) = ( + a)( x) + ( a)x f(x) = ( a + ) x + a + () x f(x) a a + a > a + () x f(x) a (a + ) a x 4 f (x) = ( + a) ( x) + ( a) x = ( a + a) x + a + = ( a + ) x + a +, () a + a f(x) f(x) = f() = a

More information

( )

( ) NAIST-IS-MT0851100 2010 2 4 ( ) CR CR CR 1980 90 CR Kerberos SSH CR CR CR CR CR CR,,, ID, NAIST-IS- MT0851100, 2010 2 4. i On the Key Management Policy of Challenge Response Authentication Schemes Toshiya

More information

840 Geographical Review of Japan 73A-12 835-854 2000 The Mechanism of Household Reproduction in the Fishing Community on Oro Island Masakazu YAMAUCHI (Graduate Student, Tokyo University) This

More information

a n a n ( ) (1) a m a n = a m+n (2) (a m ) n = a mn (3) (ab) n = a n b n (4) a m a n = a m n ( m > n ) m n 4 ( ) 552

a n a n ( ) (1) a m a n = a m+n (2) (a m ) n = a mn (3) (ab) n = a n b n (4) a m a n = a m n ( m > n ) m n 4 ( ) 552 3 3.0 a n a n ( ) () a m a n = a m+n () (a m ) n = a mn (3) (ab) n = a n b n (4) a m a n = a m n ( m > n ) m n 4 ( ) 55 3. (n ) a n n a n a n 3 4 = 8 8 3 ( 3) 4 = 8 3 8 ( ) ( ) 3 = 8 8 ( ) 3 n n 4 n n

More information

..

.. A general framework of interventional study in cognitive rehabilitation for the elderly. YOSHIDA Hajime, OOKAWA Ichiro and TUCHIDA Noriaki The present article describes the general framework of our interventional

More information

...v.q.....r .C

...v.q.....r          .C March Cooper Medical College Sacrament Webster March March March March Kuakini Medical Center Young Men s Buddhist Association YMCA March March March March Eriko Yamamoto, THE EVOLUTION OF AN ETHNIC

More information

関西における地域銀行について

関西における地域銀行について I Yasuharu Suzuki / 1990 1 23 3 2011 6 10 105 106 2011 10 3 2 1951 3 6 204 2011 winter / No.390 II 1 63 42 105 1 2011 9 105 2 2 5 2 1 1872 153 3 20 1893 1949 1954 12 6 7 9 8 4 4 1,420 1926186 1941 194561

More information

untitled

untitled 総研大文化科学研究第 6 号 (2010) 65 ... 66 佐貫 丘浅次郎の 進化論講話 における変化の構造 67 68 佐貫丘浅次郎の 進化論講話 における変化の構造 69 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 佐貫 丘浅次郎の 進化論講話 における変化の構造 71 72 佐貫丘浅次郎の 進化論講話 における変化の構造 73 74 佐貫丘浅次郎の 進化論講話

More information

30 The Recovery from Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorders and Hyperkinetic Disorders - through the counsel ing for a Mother-- Hideo Tsujimura Nowadays,the troubles of the children who have ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

More information

自然言語処理21_249

自然言語処理21_249 1,327 Annotation of Focus for Negation in Japanese Text Suguru Matsuyoshi This paper proposes an annotation scheme for the focus of negation in Japanese text. Negation has a scope, and its focus falls

More information

05_藤田先生_責

05_藤田先生_責 This report shows innovation of competency of our faculty of social welfare. The aim of evaluation competency is improvement in the Social welfare education effects, by understanding of studentʼs development

More information