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1

2 hPa ( ) hPa

3 i iii JRA h θ i

4 hPa hPa ii

5 1 850hPa Ogura and Portis (1982) hPa GMS hPa hPa hPa 200hPa ( ) hPa hPa hPa hPa hPa hPa hPa hPa hPa iii

6 hPa hPa 250hPa hPa 250hPa iv

7 Meiyu front (Baiu front) (Ninomiya and Akiyama, 1992) ( 1) Akiyama (1973) 40 Ninomiya and Akiyama (1992) Akiyama (1973) ( ) 700hPa (Low Level Jet) ( ) 130 1

8 1 850hPa ( : 10knot) ( ) ( ) GMT (Ninomiya and Akiyama, 1992, Fig. 5 ) 2

9 ( ) Kato and Kodama (1992) Kato and Kodama (1992) (850hPa 700hPa ) 2 3 Ninomiya and Akiyama (1992) Zhou et al (2004) Baiu Meiyu front dew-point front( ) 115 dew-point front Meiyu front Meiyu front (2005) 1 (1997)

10 ( 2) ( ) ( ) frontogenetical function ( ) 3 4 ( 3, a d) SESAME(Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment- ) NASA AVE(Atmospheric Variability Experiment- ) Ogura and Portis (1982) ( 4, 5) 5 (2005) 4

11 2 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (19 ) ( 1997, 9 ) 5

12 (c) (d) 3 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) (c), (d) ( ) ( ) ( 2000, 8.5, 8.7, 8.9 ) 6

13 4 ( ) ( ) (Ogura and Portis, 1982, Fig. 22 ) 7

14 GMT 10 7 K km 1 s 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (Ogura and Portis, 1982, Fig. 25 ) 8

15 Shapiro ( Colle, 2003)

16 2 2.1 JRA-25 JRA-25(Japanese Reanalysis 25 years) ( ) JRA-25 3 (, 2002) T ( 0.4hPa) JRA-25 Fiorino (2002) GRIB (WMO, 1994) 200 T (K) u,v (m s 1 ) ( 17 ) q (kg kg 1 ) ( 12 ) p (Pa s 1 ) ( 10 ) ( 00,06,12,18 UTC ) 3 p (6 8 )

17 3 3.1 T (K) θ (K) θ e (K) q (kg kg 1 ) u,v (m s 1 ) p (Pa s 1 ) θ ( ) κ p 00 θ = T κ R d = p C p p hPa θ e T LCL (K) T (K) T d (K) e (hpa) f ( ) (, 2000) T LCL = 2840/[3.5ln(T ) ln(e) 4.805] + 55 e q w e = (1/0.622)pq θ e = θ exp(2.675q/t LCL ) θ e 3.2 (front) UTC 850hPa h θ 7(a) 7(b) 3 03UTC GMS-4 h θ h θ h θ = {( ) 2 ( ) 2 } 1/2 θ θ + (1) x y 850hPa h θ 11

18 UTC 850hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( K) 12

19 (a) (b) 図 年 6 月 30 日 (a) 00UTC 地上天気図 (b) 03UTC GMS-4 赤外画像 (天気, Vol. 40, No. 12 より引用) 13

20 3.3 (frontogenetical function) ( 2000 Ogura and Portis, 1982 ) 3 F d dt hθ (2) p d dt = t + v h h + ω p (3) v h = ui + vj (2) (front-genesis) (front-lysis) F = (4) = 1 2 hθ δ {( ) 2 ( = [D 1 θ 1 2 h θ x ( )( = 1 θ θ ω h θ p x x + θ ω y y { ( ) ( = 1 θ dθ + θ h θ x x dt y y ) 2 } ( θ + 2D 2 y ) dθ dt )} )( θ x )] θ y u,v (δ = u/ x + v/ y) Randall (2003) 14

21 3.3.2 D 1 D 2 D 1 δ = u/ x + v/ y D 1 u x v y (stretching deformation) D 2 ζ = v/ x u/ y D 2 v x + u y (shearing deformation) 2 3(c) D 1,D 2 θ/ x θ/ y (d) θ/ p < 0 ω/ y < 0 ( ω/ y)( θ/ p) > 0 y (b) (dθ/dt)/ y > 0 dθ/dt(= Q) (3) dθ dt = θ t + v θ (= a Q) a v 3 θ/ t v θ t (v θ) t 1 : (v θ) t : (v θ) t+1 = 1 : 2 : 1 Q 15

22 hPa 8(a) UTC UTC 8(b) 4.2 (2) t θ = d dt θ v h h θ ω p θ

23 (a) (b) hPa 850hPa front (a) ( ) UTC 850hPa ( : K km 1 ) (b) UTC ( 60) UTC 300hPa 850hPa (K km 1 ) 06UTC 17

24 Ninomiya and Akiyama (1992) UTC UTC 4 9 (a) 850hPa 9 (b) 9 (c) 1g kg 1 ( 9, c) (a) (c) UTC UTC (a) (c) ( 10, c) ( 10, b) 700hPa 350hPa ( 10, c) 18

25 (a) (b) (c) UTC UTC 850hPa (a) (K) (b) (kg kg 1 ) (c) (K) (a), (b), (c) (m sec 1 ) 19

26 (a) (b) (c) UTC UTC 130 (a) (K) (b) (kg kg 1 ) (c) (K) (a), (b), (c) ( : m sec 1 p : hpa sec 1 ) 20

27 (a) UTC UTC 200hPa (b) (c) hPa 200hPa hPa 4.2 h θ hPa ( h θ ) 200hPa h θ h θ hPa ( h θ ) UTC UTC ( 14 8, b ) (1997) 15 (a) (1997) (1 ) ( 15, b) 21

28 (a) (b) (c) UTC UTC (a) 200hPa ( : m sec 1 ) (b) 200hPa ( : m sec 1 ) ( ) (c) 130 ( : m sec 1 ) ( : K) 22

29 12 850hPa ( : K km 1 ) 200hPa ( : m sec 1, )

30 Front time fluctuation (Jun,July) East domain West domain daily mean front day (K km 1 ) 24

31 (a) (b) (mm) (a) 100km 100km (b) 25

32 (a) (c) (a) ( UTC 27 18UTC) (b) ( UTC UTC) (c) (7 2 00UTC UTC) h θ (b) h θ (a) h θ (b) (c) hPa 17 (a) (c) h θ 850hPa 18 (a) (c) 19 (a) (c) h θ 180 ( 17 18, a) h θ ( 17, a) h θ ( ) ( 18, a) 2 h θ ( 19, a) h θ h θ ( 17 18, b) h θ h θ 2 h θ h θ ( 19, c) 850hPa 3 ( ) 26

33 (a) Front 850hPa 1993 July 28_ (b) Front 850hPa 1993 July 02_ (c) (a) ( UTC UTC) (b) ( UTC UTC) (c) (7 2 00UTC UTC) 850hPa ( : K km 1 ) 27

34 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 28

35 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 29

36 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 30

37 hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 )

38 ( 20-1) ( 20-2) ( 20-3) 850hPa hPa 250hPa ( h θ ) 21 (a) (c) 22 (a) (c) 23 (a) (c) 40 6 ( ) 21 (b) 21 (c) ( 21, b 135 ) 6 ( ) 2 ( 23, b) ( 23, c) ( ) h θ - ( 28) (a) (b) h θ hPa hPa 32

39 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 33

40 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 34

41 (a) (b) (c) hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) (c) 35

42 hPa ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 )

43 (a) (b) 25 ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) 37

44 (a) (b) 26 ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) 38

45 (a) (b) 27 ( : K km 1 ) ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) (b) 39

46 60 200hPa h θ 900hPa 800hPa ( 26, a) 300hPa ( 26, b) 2 500hPa 450hPa 300hPa ( 27, b) 28(a), (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) hPa ( ) 250hPa 29 (a) (h) ( UTC UTC) 6 250hPa UTC 50 ( UTC UTC) 1000hPa 29 06UTC 250hPa 250hPa 1000hPa hPa 31 40

47 (a) (b) 28 ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ( : m sec 1 p hpa sec 1 ) (a) (b) 41

48 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) UTC UTC 6 250hPa (gpm) 42

49 hPa ( ) 250hPa ( ) (gpm) hPa ( ) 250hPa ( ) (gpm) 43

50 (a), (b) 32 (a) 500hPa (a) 33 (a) 33 (b) 2 33 (a) 850hPa 33 (b) 300hPa

51 (a) (b) 32 ( : 10 7 K km 1 s 1 ( : m sec 1 p hpa sec 1 ) ( : K km 1 ) (a) (b)

52 (a) frontogenetical function divergence term deformation term tilting term diabatic term advection (b) Frontogenetical function time fluctuation frontogenetical function divergence term deformation term tilting term diabatic term time advection UTC UTC ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (10 7 K km 1 s 1 ) (a) 850hPa (b) 300hPa 46

53 5 JRA h θ 6 7 ( 12 14) UTC UTC (1997) (1997) ( 14) 6 850hPa 850hPa h θ ( 16 a c) h θ 47

54 250hPa (Ninomiya, K. 1984; Ninomiya and Akiyama 1992; Kato and Kodama 1992 )

55 40 Ninomiya and Akiyama (1992) Kato and Kodama (1992) Ogura and Portis (1982) ( 5, a d) Ogura and Portis (1982) ( b) ( ) Ogura and Portis (1982) ( ) 1 ( 28) ( 4) ( ) 49

56 50

57 UTC UTC h θ h θ e 51

58

59 53

60 Akiyama, T. (1973) The large-scale aspects of the characteristic features of the Baiu front. Pap. Met. Geophys., 24, Colle, B. A. (2003) Numerical simulations of the extratropical transition of Floyd (1999): structural evolution and responsible mechanisms for the heavy rainfall over the Northeast United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, Kato, K. and Y. Kodama (1992) Formation of quasi-stationary Baiu Front to the south of the Japan Islands in early may of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 70, (1997) p-87p Kato, T., M. Yoshizaki, K. Bessho, T. Inoue, Y. Sato and X-BAIU-01 observation group (2003) Reason for the failure of the simulation of heavy rainfall during X-BAIU-01 importance of a vertical profile of water vapor for numerical simulations J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 81, (2005) p-51p (2000) 3 196pp Ninomiya, K. and T. Akiyama (1992) Multi-scale features of Baiu, the summer monsoon over Japan and the east Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 70, (2000) 289pp Ogura, Y. and D. Portis (1982) Structure of the cold front observed in SESAME-AVE and its comparison with the Hoskins-Bretherton Frontogenesis Model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., 39,

61 Randall, A. D. (2003) Spherical harmonics and related topics. Depar. Atmos. Sci., (2005) p-97p (2005) Shapiro (2006) JRA-25 V Zhou, Y., S. Gao and S.P. Shen (2004) A diagnostic study of formation and structures of the Meiyu Front System over east asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 82,

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