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1 SGC - 48

2 208X Y Z Z β Z 2006! 1 2 3

3 Z 1930 SGC -12, haru/ xy.z :-P ii

4 β π e + e + μ + μ

5 ρ θ τ CPT iv

6 σ CP K K 0 K 0 CP CP π 0 2γ v

7 K 0 K 0 CP vi

8 β 1 Lorentz 2 3 gauge

9 x μ =(ct, x, y, z) =(ct, x) μ =0, 1, 2, 3 x μ x μ x μ + dx μ 2 ds 2 3 ds 2 c 2 dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 = η μν dx μ dx ν = η μν dx μ dx ν, (2.1) μ,ν= η μν (2.2) c η μν metric (2.1) Lorentz boost (x x) (t t) {x μ } {x μ } 1 x μ x μ = L μ ν x ν, x μ x μ = L μ ν x ν, (2.3) η αβ L α μl β ν = η μν. (2.4) 1 3

10 3 β β β 3.1 (U) (Th) (Ra) (Po) 3 α β γ α β γ α β γ ( 4 He) (e ) (γ) α γ β β 3.1 α γ (A) 60 1 A 4 He 4 He α (Z) 2 A 4 Z A α :(Z, A) (Z 2,A 4) + 4 He. (3.1) γ (γ) Z A γ :(Z, A) (Z, A)+γ. (3.2)

11 (A) ( A/2) H + 2 1/2 2 2 ( ) p(x) N(x) =. (4.1) n(x) N(x) SU(2) ( ) 3 N(x) N (x) = exp i θ a τ a N(x). (4.2) 2 a=1 θ a τ a

12 5 QED QED (M) (L) (T ) 3 (kg) (m) (s) MKS SI MKS (kg) (m) (s) (A) (K) (cd) (mol) SI 3 [E] =ML 2 T 2, [S] =ML 2 T 1, [v] =LT 1. (5.1) (ev) keV =10 3 ev 1MeV = 10 6 ev 1GeV = 10 9 ev 1TeV = ev ~ (= MeV s) c (= m/s) MKS 3 1kg = MeV/c 2, 1m = ~c/mev, 1s = ~/MeV (5.2) ~c = MeV m ( ) ~ MeV Mc = Mc m. (5.3) ~ = c =1 1 7

13 6 QED e = + =. (6.1) QED (a) (b) (c) 1 6.1(a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c)

14 7 QED QED QED 7.1 QED (L QED ) L QED = ψ(x)(iγ μ ( μ + ieqa μ (x)) m) ψ(x) 1 4 ( μa ν (x) ν A μ (x))( μ A ν (x) ν A μ (x)). (7.1) 7.1 L QED U(1) ψ(x) ψ (x) =e iqθ(x) ψ(x), A μ (x) A μ(x) =A μ 1 e μθ(x). (7.2) θ(x) U(1) ψ(x) (=ψ (x)γ 0 ) D μ ψ(x) ( μ + ieqa μ (x))ψ(x) U(1) ψ(x) ψ (x) = ψ(x)e iqθ(x), D μ ψ(x) D μψ (x) =( μ + ieqa μ(x))ψ (x) =e iqθ(x) D μ ψ(x). (7.3) L QED 1 U(1) L QED 2 F μν (x) μ A ν (x) ν A μ (x) QED U(1) H. Weyl QED L D = ψ (iγ μ μ m) ψ L QED 7.2 QED

15 8 3 β H β = G β ( p(x)γ μ n(x) ē(x)γ μ ν e (x) + h.c. + ). (8.1) C V =1 ( ν e ) β ν e (8.1) ν e + p n + e +. (8.2) 8.1 (8.2) (σ W ) G β /(~c) 3 = GeV 2 σ W [σ W ]=L 2 σ W G β 2 σ W = G2 β E2 c 4 ~ 4 = (E/GeV) 2 cm 2 =0.056 (E/GeV) 2 pb. (8.3) E ν e 8.2 ν e e + e + μ + μ + σ W (σ S ) π π (m π ) ( ) 2 ~ σ S = cm 2. (8.4) m π c e + e + μ + μ + (σ EM ) s =2E

16 9 9.1 t t = t, x =(x, y, z) x = x =( x, y, z). (9.1) (r, θ, φ) (r, π θ, φ + π) θ φ (9.1) p L p p = p, L x p L = x p = L. (9.2) yz (x, y, z) ( x, y, z) x m d2 x = F (x) (9.3) dt2 F (x) = F ( x) = F (x ) {x } V (x) V (x) =V ( x) i~ ( ) t ψ(x,t)= ~2 2m 2 + V (x) ψ(x,t) (9.4) V (x) =V ( x) {x } ψ (x,t )=e iθ P ψ(x,t) θ P (P ) ψ(x,t) O Pψ(x,t)=ψ( x,t), POP 1 = O. (9.5)

17 10 π π s s 1 meson baryon hadron V V V π + p K 0 +Λ 0, K 0 π + + π, Λ 0 p + π. (10.1) K 0 Λ 0 V 10.1 (E) ψ(t) exp( iet/~) N(t) ψ(t) 2 (τ) (exp( t/τ)) (τ) E = E 0 i Γ 2, τ = ~ Γ. (10.2) t <0 ψ(t) =0 ψ(t) φ(e) = 1 2π ψ(t)e i ~ Et dt = ψ(0) 2π i~ E E 0 + i Γ 2. (10.3)

18 m F. W. London H. London 1935 j = 1 μ 0 λ 2 A. (11.1) λ j = 1 (A + θ). (11.2) μ 0 λ2 B = μ 0 j B = A 2 B = 1 λ 2 B (11.3) (11.3) q (= eq)

19 12 SU(3) (B) 2 B =0 B ( =1 2 Q = I 3 + B + S ) 2 3 SU(3) M = a + by + c [I(I +1) 14 ] Y SU(3) (Y ) Y G. Zweig 1/2 SU(3) 3 quark

20 13 12 π q f =(u, d, s) q f =(u, d, s) 1/2 m f =(m u,m d,m s ) L q = f q f (x)(iγ μ μ m f )q f (x). (13.1) L q (1) SU(3) V U(1) V m u = m d = m s L q ( ) 8 SU(3) V : q(x) q (x) = exp i θ α λα q(x), 2 α=1 (13.2) U(1) V : q(x) q (x) =e iθ q(x). (13.3) θ α (α =1,, 8) θ λ α SU(3) V : Fμ α λ α (x) = q(x)γ μ 2 q(x), Qα F0 α (x)d 3 x, (13.4) U(1) V : J μ (x) = q(x)γ μ q(x), Q V J 0 (x)d 3 x. (13.5) (2) SU(3) A U(1) A m u = m d = m s =0 L q ( ) 8 SU(3) A : q(x) q (x) = exp i ζ α λα 2 γ 5 q(x), (13.6) α=1 U(1) A : q(x) q (x) =e iζγ 5 q(x). (13.7)

21 14 CP K (K 0, K0 ) K 0, K0 CP K 0, K K K 0, K 0 S = +1, 1 K 0 d s, K 0 s d (d d, s s) K 0 K 0 CPT K 0 K K 0, K0 K 0, K0 1 π + p K 0 +Λ 0, 14.1(a) 2 K + p K 0 + n, 14.1(b) 14.1 K S K 0, K0 K 0 K 0 (leptonic decay) 3 K 0 π + e + + ν e, 14.2(a) 4 K 0 π + + e + ν e, 14.2(b) non-leptonic decay 5 K 0 π + π +, K 0 π 0 + π 0, 14.3(a) (b) 6 K 0 π + π +, K0 π 0 + π 0, 14.3(a) (b)

22 β n p + e + ν e μ μ ν μ + e + ν e L β = G F 2 a p(x)γ μ (1 g A γ 5 )n(x) ē(x)γ μ (1 γ 5 )ν e (x) + h.c., (15.1) L μ = G F 2 ν μ (x)γ μ (1 γ 5 )μ(x) ē(x)γ μ (1 γ 5 )ν e (x) + h.c.. (15.2) a 0.975, g A 1.26 G F μ τ(μ ν μ + e + ν e )= 192π3 G 2 (1 + f(m e,m μ, )), τ μ F m5 exp = s μ (15.3) G F = /GeV 2 f(m e,m μ, ) G F Λ 0 p + π, (15.4) π + μ + + ν μ, π μ + ν μ, (15.5) K + π + + π 0, π + + π + + π, K 0 π + + π 0. (15.6) 1/ V A β μ Λ V A

23 16 π (π 0 ) π π 0 2γ π 0 π 0 1 m π 0 = ( ± )MeV/c 2. 2 (B) 0 (Q) 0 3 SU(2) 3 3 I G =1. 4 J PC = τ π 0 =(8.4 ± 0.6) s 16.1 π 0 π 0 2γ π 0 π ~/(m π c) m 2 2 π 0 (τ EM ) ( ) 2 4π~c ~ τ EM e 2 m π c s. (16.1) 16.2 π 0 2γ π 0 2γ (M ) 16.1(a) (b) M = ε μ (k 1 )ε ν (k 2 )Λ μν (k 1,k 2,q)=iε μ (k 1 )ε ν (k 2 )ε μναβ k1 α k β 2 Λ(q2 ). (16.2) M Λ μν (k 1,k 2,q) (j μ ) Λ μν (k 1,k 2,q)=e 2 d 4 ye ik2y 0 T (j μ (0)j ν (y)) π 0,q

24 Regge trajectories (J) 2 (m 2 ) 17.1 J = α m 2 + α(0). α α 1(GeV) 2 α(0) ρ(m)dm = Am B e β0m dm. (17.1) ρ(m) m m + dm A, B T 0 1/β 0 160MeV Hagedron tempareture 17.1 ρ

25 (e ) (ν e ) (N) e e + N e + N e 18.1 e + N e + X X e + N e + X N Q 2 q μ q μ, ν P μ q μ M, W 2 (P + q) 2 q μ, P μ (γ ) N 4 M N 4 p μ, p μ E, E e (mc 2 ) e e z θ x 4 P μ =(M,0, 0, 0), p μ =(E,0, 0,E), p μ =(E,E sin θ, 0,E cos θ), q μ = p μ p μ =(E E, E sin θ, 0,E E cos θ). (18.1)

26 (Q) (S) (B) CP π 0 2γ, R SU(2) L U(1) Y 4 m π m N (H + ) 2 Q, S, B, CP 3 4

27 20 QCD QCD φ(x) ( φ f,t f φ i,t i ) n (G (n) (x 1,,x n )) φ f,t f φ i,t i = N Dφe is, tf [ ] (20.1) 1 S = dt d 3 x t i 2 ( μφ μ φ m 2 φ 2 )+L int, DφΨ f[φ(t f )]Ψ i [φ(t i )]φ(x 1 ) φ(x n )e is G (n) (x 1,,x n )=. (20.2) DφΨ f[φ(t f )]Ψ i [φ(t i )]e is N L int Ψ i [φ(t i )] (Ψ f [φ(t f )]) e is e is 20.1 t τ = it 4 φ(x) n φ f,t f φ i,t i =N Dφe S E, τf [ ( S E = dτ d 3 1 x ( τ φ) 2 + ) ] (20.3) ( i φ) 2 + m 2 φ 2 L int, τ i 2 i DφΨ f[φ(t f )]Ψ i [φ(t i )]φ(x 1 ) φ(x n )e S E G (n) (x 1,,x n )=. (20.4) DφΨ f[φ(t f )]Ψ i [φ(t i )]e S E

28 21 CP 21.1 n g ( ) u LA q LA =, u RA, d RA (A =1, 2,,n g ) (21.1) d LA L (q) Y = A,B ( f (d) AB q LAΦd RB + f (u) AB q Φu ) LA RB + h.c.. (21.2) L (q) Y L (q) Y A,B ( 1 2 f (d) AB v d LA d RB + 1 ) f (u) AB vū LAu RB + h.c.. (21.3) 2 2 (S X,T X )(X = d, u) (m (X) A ) ( ) (S 1 X ) AC 2 f (X) CD v (T X ) DB = m (X) A δ AB. (21.4) C,D ψ (W ) I d (W ) LA d (W ) RA = B = B ψ (M) I S X, T X (S d ) AB d (M) LB, u(w ) LA = (S u ) AB u (M) LB, B (T d ) AB d (M) RB, u(w ) RA = (T u ) AB u (M) RB. (21.5) B j +μ (q) = A q (W ) LA γμ τ + q (W ) LA = A ū (W ) LA γμ d (W ) LA = q (M) LA γμ (S us d ) AB d (M) LB. (21.6) A,B V KM S us d Kobayashi Maskawa n g = n g CP

29 J. N. Bahcall pp (ν e ) ν e ν e 1968 ν e Cl 37 18Ar + e ( 37 18Ar) ν e 0.81MeV pp 8 B 7 Be ν e 3 1 ν e 22.1 ν e pp 4p 4 He+2e + +2ν e +26.7MeV 26.7MeV γ 26.7MeV 2 ν e (I ) I = MeV/cm 2 s ν e N νe =2I /26.7 = /cm 2 s N νe 8 B 7 Be 22.2 ν e B ν e (T C ) 18

30 / (ν er ) W μ ± (Wμ 1 iwμ)/ 2 2 Wμ 0 Wμ SU(3) C SU(2) L TL 3 Y Q ψ! ul q L = 3 2 d L u R A A d R ψ! νel l L = 1 2 e L A 1 2 ψ 0 1 e R ν er !

31 7, Wilson loop sea quark chirality valence quark 165 2, , 87 7, color current algebra 112 strangeness , quark , 176, renormalization 45, 48 51, , gluon path integral , string theory 152 lattice gauge theory

32 intrinsic parity MSSM 210 regeneration , 80 g , 106 U(1) 19, dimensional transmutation 185 naturalness , weak isospin 134 weak hypercharge 134 6, , deep inelastic scattering regularization 45 cut-off parameter , 174 σ 114 counter term , charm 108 c K supernova 204 supersymmetry , electroweak theory propagator , 10 t

33 , parton 163 parton model hypercharge , , 155 running coupling constant 54 eightfold way hadron 84 baryon 84, σ , standard model , universality 25, 131, plaquette 182 flavor Proca field , 156 helicity b , , meson 84, 102 area law

34 179 effective coupling constant 53 effective action 52, Unitarity , vier Bein Lamb shift 46 QCD 171 QED 17, 37 anomaly 143 link 182 Regge trajectories 149, 152 lepton β double beta decay α 21 BRS 172 B 195 CPT 81 CP 127 CP 126, 192 CP 123 γ 21 GIM 139 G 87 K 0 K 0 124, 192 Λ Λ 0 88 LSP 211 MSW 199 μ 24, 35 PCAC 115 π 0 2γ 141 π 31 π 115 QCD 174 ρ 136 R 211 R 107 SU(6) 105 S 26, 55 τ 109 θ τ 78 θ 170 V A 80 V 84 X, Y 212 β

35 SGC ISBN TEL.(03) FAX.(03) sk@saiensu.co.jp C TEL.(03) ( )

36 1 A U(1) (η η ) U(1) η η A.1 U(1) 13 S U(3) L S U(3) R U(1) V U(1) A S U(3) 8 1 NG η η A.1 η η S U(3) 8 8 η 8 A.1: 0 (MeV/c 2 ) (s) π π + µ + + ν µ π π 0 2γ π π µ + ν µ K K + µ + + ν µ, π + + π K 0 S K 0 S π+ + π, 2π K 0 L K 0 L π± + e + ν e, 3π 0, π + + π + π K K µ + ν µ, π + π η η 2γ, 3π 0, π + + π + π keV η η π + + π + η, ρ 0 + γ, 2π 0 + η 0.202MeV 1 η NG 1 NG 1. m η 3m π 2. η Γ(η π + + π + π 0 ) 200eV U(1) 1974

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