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1

2

3 17 11 =(2006) (1997) (2006) (2006) (2006) (2006) (2006)

4 (2008) - 2 -

5

6 (2006) (2007)

7 (2007)

8 (2007)

9 X2 X1 S D D' D D'X X (2007) (2007) N. Gregory Mankiw (2004) (2005)

10 D' D X2 X X2 X1 S D D' Miller(1993) 3-3 S S' X2 X (2007) DS' 3-2 D'S - 8 -

11 3-3 X3 X2 S' S D D' 3-4 S S' X1 X3 3-4 S' S D X3 X

12 , (a)

13 (b) (a)ln()= X1it+1it (b)ln()= X2it+i2it 14,14 X 12 i t

14 (2)(3)(5) (2)(3)(5) ,

15

16

17 0 Tobit Model Hausuman test (1) Tobit (2) Tobit (0.185) (0.252) (0.366) ** (0.321) (3) Tobit (0.246) (0.361) (0.317)

18 -1.880*** (0.248) *** (0.269) *** (0.271) (0.258) (0.262) *** (0.229) *** (0.228) ln() 2.607*** (0.103) 2.405*** (0.113) 2.662*** (0.153) ln() ** (0.428) (0.434) (0.525) ln() 1.065*** (0.165) 1.001*** (0.169) (0.286) ln( *** (0.513) *** (0.516) (0.716) (0.024) (0.024) (0.025) yes yes yes no no yes Observation Log Likelihood ****** 1510 ( ) (4) FE (5) FE (0.238) (0.034) (0.051) (0.047) *** (0.032) ** (0.363) *** (0.042) (0.033) ln() *** (1.509) *** (1.572) ln() 0.296** (0.124) 0.303** (0.124) ln() *** (0.211) *** (0.225) ln( (0.477) (0.478) 0.014*** (0.003) *** (0.003) yes yes no no

19 Observation R ****** 1510 ( ) (1) (2) 5 (3)(2) (4) (5) (1) 1(2)(3) 1 (4) 1(5) 1 1 (1) 5(2)(3)

20 (1)(2) 1 1 (1)(2) 1 (4) (5)

21 29 (2) ,

22 ).pdf

23 (2007)(2007) 1 3 (2007)

24

25

26 (2006) (2006) (2007) (2006) (2007) (2007) (2006) 88 (2008) (1997) (2006) (2007) 2006) (2006) =(2006) N. Gregory Mankiw (2004) Principles of Economics, 3 rd ed (2005) 1 2 Roger LeRoy Miller, Daniel K. Benjamin and Douglass C. North (1993) The Economics of Public Issues, 9 th ed (1995)

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1 No.1 5 C 1 I III F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 2 Φ 2 (t) = Φ 1 (t) Φ 1 (t t). = Φ 1(t) t = ( 1.5e 0.5t 2.4e 4t 2e 10t ) τ < 0 t > τ Φ 2 (t) < 0 lim t Φ 2 (t) = 0

1 No.1 5 C 1 I III F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 2 Φ 2 (t) = Φ 1 (t) Φ 1 (t t). = Φ 1(t) t = ( 1.5e 0.5t 2.4e 4t 2e 10t ) τ < 0 t > τ Φ 2 (t) < 0 lim t Φ 2 (t) = 0 1 No.1 5 C 1 I III F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 2 Φ 2 (t) = Φ 1 (t) Φ 1 (t t). = Φ 1(t) t = ( 1.5e 0.5t 2.4e 4t 2e 10t ) τ < 0 t > τ Φ 2 (t) < 0 lim t Φ 2 (t) = 0 0 < t < τ I II 0 No.2 2 C x y x y > 0 x 0 x > b a dx

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1 1.1 ( ). z = a + bi, a, b R 0 a, b 0 a 2 + b 2 0 z = a + bi = ( ) a 2 + b 2 a a 2 + b + b 2 a 2 + b i 2 r = a 2 + b 2 θ cos θ = a a 2 + b 2, sin θ =

1 1.1 ( ). z = a + bi, a, b R 0 a, b 0 a 2 + b 2 0 z = a + bi = ( ) a 2 + b 2 a a 2 + b + b 2 a 2 + b i 2 r = a 2 + b 2 θ cos θ = a a 2 + b 2, sin θ = 1 1.1 ( ). z = + bi,, b R 0, b 0 2 + b 2 0 z = + bi = ( ) 2 + b 2 2 + b + b 2 2 + b i 2 r = 2 + b 2 θ cos θ = 2 + b 2, sin θ = b 2 + b 2 2π z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) 1.2 (, ). 1. < 2. > 3. ±,, 1.3 ( ). A

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<966B91E58C6F8DCF8A77959493AF918B89EF89EF95F18E8F5F8DC58F495F8B5E8E9790462E696E6464> 1 Hokkaido University Faculty of Economics ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 2 Hokkaido University Faculty of Economics ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 3 Hokkaido University Faculty of Economics ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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