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1 PET TPC

2 PET. PET, PET., PET 1, TPC 3.,. TPC,,.

3 1 6 2 PET PET γ PET TPC PET TPC TPC PMT R&D TPC PMT NIM CAMAC

4 PMT TPC ,

5 2.1 Eminance-G [6] PET [6] , K, 816 hpa TPC PMT TPC PAD TPC R AL12S-ASSY PMT SAES PS LabVIEW LED LED PMT 700V σ µ PMT α ADC Hz

6

7 2.1 [7] PET [11] [7] [8] [9] R5900 PMT ADC

8 1.,,.[1],,.,..[2],. µ e + γ [3], [4][?,?],., (PET). PET,, PET,.[5],, PET. 6

9 2 PET 2.1 (Positron Emission Tomography, PET) kev γ,,.,, ( ), PET. X CT(Computed Tomography) X X X 360. X, X CT. 2 PET/CT. MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, ).,., X CT. 1mm, ( T). PET, γ, SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography). PET PET PET cm., 7

10 2.1: Eminance-G [6] 8

11 2.2: PET [6] 4mm 4mm 20 mm, BGO LSO. 2.1., (PMT). (APD) PMT, (ϕ) 100, (z) 10 BGO GSO LSO Xe Bi Ge O Gd Si O Lu Si O (Ce) Xe [g/cm 3 ] [ /MeV] [nm] [ns] : [7] 9

12 11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 94m Tc 124 I [min] [days] 2.2: PET [11] PET γ,., FDG(Fluoro-Deoxy- Glucose) ,. ( ),.[10] γ., PET 30,.,, PET. PET,. 2.3:, 10

13 2.2 PET γ PET, 2 γ., 511keV, back to back,. γ cm,. γ,. γ. PET. γ. ( ),., 2 1,.., 2 γ ,. [12] [13], PET.,,. PET, 2... (ltered backprojection, FBP)., 11

14 .,. 3. ML-EM(Maximum Liklifood Expectation Maximization),.. 90, OSEM(Ordered Subset EM) RAMLA, DRAMA, PET PET,..., r. γ, γ,.. PET r 1 r. r DOI(Depth Of Interact),. DOI r,. APD(Avalanche PhotoDiode) DOIPET.[14] [15],,,. 12

15 3 TPC 3.1 PET TPC PET. (Time Projection Chamber)[16]. TPC, 3. (KEK),,.,,, γ., TOF(Time of Filght). TPCPET,,.[17] [?] TPC (TPC). TPC 3.2 (K), (G), (A).,,, - - E P,E Q. TPC,., G, K.,,. G G 13

16 (Z) K 161K 12.6kJ/mol 2.30kJ/mol 1 (γ) 23.7 ev 2.27cm 4.2 ns,22 ns 1 15eV 45 nsec 2.2 mm/µs 50 cm 2 /s ( ) : [7] [8] [9] 3.1: K, 816 hpa. 14

17 . G-A A, ( )., G-A l Q. A K 2,, K-G. 3.2: TPC PMT (, PMT),. PMT. 1 PMT, (Quantum Eciency),,. Q.E. PMT G, (Gain) G.. [19] 15

18 3.3: PMT TPC, 2. TPC,.. ϕ t = D 2 ϕ (3.1), ϕ. D, 50 [cm 2 /sec].[9], ϕ(t, x) = 1 4πDt exp[ x2 4Dt ] (3.2).,. 5 [cm], PET 50 [cm], v d = 2[mm/µs], t d = 25, 250 [µs], σ = , 2.2 [mm]., 16

19 , F, σ x 0.1 [mm], σ θ 0.35,. TPC, 0.5 mm, 250 ns, 4 MHz.. PET 511 kev γ, E γ W = 511[keV]/15.6[eV] = (3.3),..[20],,, F.. F = σ2 µ (3.4) σ, µ. F = 1., 511keVγ, σ = F µ = (3.5), [Resolution] = / = 0.76% (3.6).. [21]. 4%. 17

20 4 R&D TPC TPC,. SUS 1mm,,. 4.2 G10, mm 2,., TPC (0 V,GND)., TPC SHV,. 100 MΩ, TPC ASIC(Application Specic Integrated Circuit), AMP- TEK A250 PC250. OP 1, 1[V/pC], FET.. 4.5, A OP ( ) R f C f. V IN V OUT. C IN. IN Q, 18

21 4.1: TPC 19

22 4.2: PAD Q = Q f + Q IN (4.1) V OUT = AV IN (4.2) (4.1) C f (V IN V OUT ) = Q f C IN V IN = Q IN (4.2). Q = C f (V IN V OUT ) + C IN V IN = (C f + C IN )V IN + C f V OUT (4.3) Q = (C f + C IN ) V OUT A + C fv OUT A, 20

23 4.3: TPC 21

24 4.4: 22

25 4.5: Q = C f V OUT V OUT = Q (4.4) C f,. R f τ = C f R f PMT R AL12S-ASSY PMT,. (λ = 178 nm) , 23

26 4.6: R AL12S-ASSY. TPC.,.,., PTR PDC08, 165 K 24 W ,. 24

27 27 27 mm mm 2 Rb-Cs-Sb 20 % V : R5900 PMT 4.2.3,..,..,..[22] SAES, Al-Zr, 0.1 ppb. τ, N = N 0 e t τ (4.5). N, t. τ, ρ,, K 300[µs ppb]. τ = Kρ 1 (4.6) 4.2.4,,. 25

28 ., l., ,...,., NIM CAMAC NIM, CAMAC,TPC. NIM PMT, PMT, TPC. CAMAC CC/NET, PC. PMT TPC CAMAC ADC(Analog to Degital Converter), LeCroy 2249A. ADC 4.2, 26

29 CAMAC1 ch 12 Lemo 50Ω 10 bit 256 pc 60 µs 4.2: ADC 27

30 4.7: PMT 28

31 29 4.8:

32 4.9: 4.10: SAES PS3 30

33 ,. ( ), 0.16 l.,,, PMT. 9 W., 15 W. TPC. 5.2 PMT, PMT. LED PMT, PMT, TPC. PMT, 241 Am α 5.3. LED (FG). FG,,. LED FG, RC (50Ω, 100pC) LED. 31

34 5.1: 32

35 5.2: LabVIEW 33

36 α 200 Bq 241 Am. 241 Am 432, α 5.49 MeV. 5.3: LED , LED PMT. LED, PMT ADC. 5.5., ADC ADC σ 2. PMT, σ 2 = ADC2 N p e + σ2 0 (5.1). N p e, σ 2 0 ADC. ADC 34

37 5.4: 5.5: LED 35

38 C ADC 1, G PMT, (5.1) CADC = N pe eg (5.2) σ 2 = eg C ADC + σ2 0 G = C e σ2 σ 2 0 ADC σ2 σ 2 0 ADC (5.3) (5.4) G, LED,. PMT. PMT. 2, α MeV. PMT. Xe 23 ev, 241 Am α N photon = /23 = (5.5). PMT. Q = N photon Ω Q.E. G e (5.6) 4π PMT 700V, ADC ADC. PMT V. 36

39 5.6: PMT 700V σ µ α 5.8, ADC,. (5.6) PMT, PMT 700 V Q = = 370[pC] = 1500[ADCcounts] (5.7), ,. 5 l, 2.,. α. 5.9 PMT ADC., ADC., 37

40 5.7: PMT 38

41 5.8: α, TPC, ORTEC 142PC. TPC 3.0 g/cm 3 1 cm, 1.2MeVg 1cm 3 3gcm 3 1cm = 3.6MeV (5.8),, 3.6MeV/15eV C = C (5.9). 142PC 260 mv PMT, TPC. fc, 39

42 40 5.9: ADC

43 ,, AMP-TEK A , TEST, :, ,,, TPC, TPC. 41

44 5.11: 5.12: 50 Hz 42

45 5.13:,.,,,. PMT., TPC,., 2 mv ,,,. PMT., TPC,.,,.,, TPC,. 200 MHz,. TPC, 43

46 5.14: 44

47 2008 6,., : 5.4.4,. W, ( 500 ),., 30..,., A250, FET (,100M Ω) (,1pF),.. 45

48 6 6.1 ˆ PET PET. ˆ PET TPC. ˆ PMT. ˆ. ˆ TPC. ˆ. ˆ. 6.2 ˆ,, PMT,. ˆ. ˆ ASIC. ˆ. TPC. ˆ TPC. 46

49 [1] T.Doke, Scintillation of Liquid Xenon and Its Application to Nuclear Radiation Detectors, IEEE Trans. Dielct. El. In. 13(2006) 640 [2] T.Haruyama,, HEP news Vol.24 No.1 (2005) [3] T.Mori et al.,search for µ eγ down to branching ratio, Research Proposal to PSI, May 1999 [4] E.April et al.,the XENON dark matter search experiment, New Astron. Rev. 49(2005) 289 [5], TPC-PET PET, (2007) [6] Web [7] G.F.Knoll 3 (2001) [8] L.S.Miller, S.Howe, W.E.Spear,Phys. Rev. 166(1968) 871 [9] T.Doke,NIM 196(1982) 87 [10] O.Nakayama T.Iguchi, PET Jpn. J. Rad. Tech. 62(2006) Vol. 6,pp [11] Web, [12] E.Tanaka, PET, 62(2006) Vol. 62 pp [13] H.shinohara K.Sakaguchi T.Hashimoto, Excel, [14] T.Tsuda et al.,performance Evaluation of a Subset of Four-Layer LSO Detector for a Small Animal DOI PET Scanner: jpet-rd,ieee Trans. Nuc. Sci. 53(2006)No.1 47

50 [15] N.Inadama et al.,8-layer DOI Encoding of 3-Dimensional Crystal Array,IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci.53(2006) No.5 [16] D.Fancher et al.,performance OF A TIME-PROJECTION CHAMBER,Nuc. Inst. Meth.161(1979) pp [17] J.P.Cussonneau et al.,nuclear medical imaging using β + γ coincidences from 44 Sc radio-nuclide with liquid xenon as detection medium,arronax International Scientoc Committee (2005) [18] K.Giboni et al,compton Positron Emission Tomography with a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber, J. Inst. 2 P10001 (2007) [19], [20] E.Conti et al.,correlated uctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon,phys. Rev.B68(2003) [21] E.April et al.,observation of anticorrelation between scintillationand ionization for MeV gamma rays in liquid xenon,phys. Rev.B76(2007) [22] U.Beriotto et al.,electron Lifetime Measurement in a Liquid Xenon ionization Chamber with the Signal-shape Analysis Method,Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys.A335(1993) 1-2 pp

51 ,. KEK..,,,.,,. KEK,.,.,,,,,,., Columbia Karl Giboni,,.,.. 49

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