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1 NHK (screen media) Wright et al., 2001; Anderson et al., 2001 Hancox et al., 2004; Chiristakis et al., 2004 Reilly et al., 2005 Paik & Comstock, 1994; Huesmann et al., 2003; Browne, 2005 (Rideout et al., 2003) (toddler hood) 4 6 (preschool period) Television and the Family (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1999) N=1900,,

2 NHK, Huston (Huston et al., 1999) (time-use pattern) Kaiser Family Foundation Children s Digital Media Centers (CDMC) 0 6 (Rideout et al., Zero to Six: electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers and preschoolers, Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003)

3 DVD Dennison (Dennison et al., 2002, N=2761) (Livingstone, 1999) Media-rich bedrooms 1979 NHK 4 6 NHK, (NHK, 2003 ) , ,

4

5 ( N=903) /1 /1 /1 Time 1 (0 ) (120.41) a (69.52) a (31.07) a Time 2 (1 ) (116.29) b (68.10) b (41.92) b t- a, b p <.01 Time 1 Time 2 =.52** Time 1 Time 2 =.34** ** : p <.01 Stimulus Response Organism 1970 (imitation) (McCall et al., 1977; Meltzoff, 1988; Barr & Hayne, 1999) Barr (1999) Mumme Fernald (2003) (social refencing) Mumme

6 Anderson (1989) ( ) , N= (1 10.7% 0.3% 17.9% 91.7% 7.7% 92.9% 2.6% 61.7% 0.4% 61.1% 60.8% 1.4% (panel study)

7 Cross-lagged. effect mode Wright (2001) (The Early Window Project) Time 1 Time 3 4 Time 2 Time T1 T2 T1 T2 3 3 Cross-lagged. effect model 3 Chiristakis et al., 2004 (Zimmerman et al., 2005) Wright 0 National Children s Study, 2005; :, 2005;, 2004 NHK

8 &, 2004; &, Chiristakis et al., 2004; Zimmerman et al., 2005 Anderson (2001) (viewing diary) Anderson r=.84 Anderson 1

9 0 1, 2005, Broune (2005) Browne & Pennell, 2000,, 2003

10 Browne&Hamilton-Giachrisis,2005

11 1 N=1062 R 2 R 2.41 **.25 **.23 **.230 **.41 **.25 ** -.07 *.23 **.004 *.41 **.24 ** *.12 **.25 **.019 ** R 2 R 2 ** **.15 **.155 ** ** **.15 **.001 ** ** ** **.19 **.040 ** R 2 R 2 ** **.16 **.164 ** ** **.16 **.000 ** ** ** **.18 **.019 ** &, 2004

12 American Academy of Pediatrics: 1999 Television and the Family Anderson,D.R, Huston, A.C., Schmitt. K.C., Linebarger, D.L., & Wright, J.C Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: the recontact study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.264 (66,1). Barr,R. Harlene Hayne 1999 Developmental changes in imitation from television during infancy. Child Development, 70(5), Browne, K.D., Hamilton-Giachritsis, K The influence of violence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. Lancet. 365, Christakis, D.A., Zimmerman, F.J., DiGiuseppe, D.L., McCarty, C.A Early Television exposure and subsequent attention problems in children. Pediatric, 113(4), Dennison, B.A., Erb, T.A., Jenkins, P.L Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics, 109(6), Hancox, R.J., Milne, B., Poulton, R Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health:a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet. 364, Huesmann, L.R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.L., Eron, L.D Longitudinal relations between children s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: Developmental Psychology.39(2), Huston, A.C., Wright, J.C., Marquis, J., Green, S.B How young children spend their time: television and other activities. Developmental Psychology. 35(4), , 54, ! Livingstone, S, Bovill, M Implication for Children and Television of Changing Media Environment: A British and European Perspective. Research report for London School of Economics and Political Science: London.

13 McCall,, R.B. Parke, R.D., Kavanaugh, R.D Imitation of live and televised models by c children one to thee years of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 42(5),1-94. Meltzoff A.N Imitation of televised models by infants. Child Development. 59(5), Mumme, D.L., Fernald, A The Infant as Onlooker:Learning From Emotional Reactions Observed in a Television Scenario. Child Development.74(1), NHK 1981 ( ) NHK NHK Reilly, J.J., Armstrong, J., Dorosty, A.R., Emmett, P.M., Ness, A., Rogers, I., Street, C., Sherriff, A. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team 2005 Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330, Rideout, V.L., Vandewater, E.A., Wartella, E.A Zero to Six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Kaiser Family Foundation , NHK. 2005, The National Children s Study

14 Wright, J.C., Huston, A.C., Murphy, K.C., St.Peters, M., Pi ~ non, M., Scantlin, R., Kotler, J The relations of early television viewing to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low-income families: The Early Window Project. Child Development. 72(5), Zimmerman, F.J., Christakis, D.A Children s Television viewing and cognitive outcomes. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.159,

56 56 The Development of Preschool Children s Views About Conflict Resolution With Peers : Diversity of changes from five-year-olds to six-year-olds Y

56 56 The Development of Preschool Children s Views About Conflict Resolution With Peers : Diversity of changes from five-year-olds to six-year-olds Y 56 56 The Development of Preschool Children s Views About Conflict Resolution With Peers : Diversity of changes from five-year-olds to six-year-olds Yukari KUBO 311615 1 1 1 97 43-2 2005 Rubin, Bukowski,

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