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119 (Mayden, 1997) 118

120 DNA (Evolutionary Significant Unit) ( Crandal et al. 2000) Crandall K. A., Bininda-Emonds O. R. P., Mace G. M. and Wayne R. K Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: Mayden R. L A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouemant in the saga of the species problem. In: Claridge M. F., Dawah H. A. and Wilson M. R. (eds), Species: the Units of Biodiversity. Chapman & Hall, London,

121 2 3% ( Microtus ochrogaster ) ( M. montanus ), 120

122 Insel et al (V1aR) (V1aR) Ventral pallidum ( M.pinetorum ) ( M. pennsylvanicus ) (Lim et al. 2004) (V1aR) (V1aR) V1aR (V1aR) 121

123 (Young et al. 1999) DNA RNA DNA V1aR DNA V1aR V1aR DNA DNA DNA 122

124 Young, L. J., Nilsen, R., Waymire, K. G., Macgregor, G. R. and Insel, T.R. (1999): Increasing affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V1a receptor from a monogamous vole. Nature 400, Lim, M. M., Wang, Z., Olazabal1, D. E., Xianghui, R., Terwilliger, E. F. and Young, L. (2004): Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene. Nature 429,

125 3 30 : 7mm 11mm 9mm P. R. Grant and B.R.Grant 30 A a B b AABB, AaBB, aabb, AABb, AaBb, aabb, Aabb, Aabb, aabb A B 1mm AABB aabb 4mm AaBb aabb 2mm 1 AaBb 124

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127 BMP4 Abzhanov et al BMP4 BMP4 BMP4 A,a BMP4 B,b AA, Aa BB Bb AABB AaBb BMP4 126

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130 Grant and Grant (2002) 129

131 Abzhanov, A., Prota, M., Grant, B. R., Grant, P. R., and J. Tabin, J. (2004): Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin s finces. Science 305, Grant, P.R. and B. R.Grant Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin s finches. Science 296: Grant, B. R. and Grant, P.R What Darwin s Finches can teach us about the evolutionary origin and regulation of biodiversity. BioScience 53 : Schluter, D and Grant, P. R Determinants of morphological patterns in communities of Darwin s finches. American Naturalist 123: Shapiro MD, Marks ME, Peichel CL, Blackman BK, Nereng KS, Jonsson B, Schluter D, Kingsley DM and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Nature 15:

132 セクション 4 遺伝的浮動のシミュレーション Mac版を中心に説明しますが 基本的にWindows版も同じで 遺伝的浮動は 次の世代に遺伝子が引き継 遺伝的浮動のシ ミュレーション がれる時 ランダムに遺伝子が選ばれること によって起こります この過程は コンピューターによって シミュレーションをすることができます このコラムでは Rというソフトウエアーを使って遺伝的浮動をシミュレー ションする方法を説明します Rのダウンロード 以下のページから一番新しいRソフトをダウンロードしてイ ンストールします Mac版 Windows版 Linax版がありま す インストールに関しての日本語の説明は以下のページで解説 されています す RをインストールしたらRを立ち上げます 以下の画面に なります Mac版 A4%A5%F3%A5%B9%A5%C8%A1%BC%A5%EB 左上の ファイル メニューから新規文書を選びます 131 ibooks Author

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