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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1998, Vol. 69, No. 5, Self-reference effect on implicit and explicit memory tasks Tetsuya Fujita (Kyoto Koka Women's University, Nishikyogoku, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto ) and Takashi Horiuchi (Department of Educational Psychology, School of Education, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya ) Judging whether words refer to oneself results in better memory than judging words on a semantic or physical basis. This phenomenon is known as self reference effect. It is assumed that people encode more attribute when they are engaged in self referent processing than when they are engaged in other types of processing, but it is not clear what kinds of attributes are encoded. In this study, the performance patterns of three judgment types (self, semantic, and physical) were measured in two conditions: A perceptual implicit memory test (the word-stem completion condition) and a conceptual explicit memory test (the word-stem cued recall condition). The results showed that in the explicit condition, both the self reference effect and the levels-of-processing effect were obtained, but in the implicit condition, all judgments produced the same memory performance. This finding suggests that self referent judgment produces a perceptual encoding that is similar to a perceptual encoding in semantic or physical judgment, and, that self referent judgment produces more semantic and conceptual encoding than semantic or physical judgment. Key words: memory, implicit memory, self reference effect, levels-of-processing, word-stem completion.

Table 1 Mean proportions of target words produced and standard deviations (in parentheses) as a function of encoding conditions on the word-stem completion task

4 Table 1 Mean proportions of target words produced and standard deviations (in parentheses) as a function of encoding conditions on the word-stem completion task Table 2 Mean proportions of target words produced and standard deviations (in parentheses) as a function of encoding conditions on the word-stem cued recall task

Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. 1977 Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personal ity and Social Psychology, 35, 38-48. Challis, B. H., Velichkovsky, B. M., & Craik, F. I. M. 1996 Levels-of-processing effects on a variety of memory tasks: New findings and theoretical implica tions.

6 Cantor, N., & Mischel, W Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personal ity and Social Psychology, 35, Challis, B. H., Velichkovsky, B. M., & Craik, F. I. M Levels-of-processing effects on a variety of memory tasks: New findings and theoretical implica tions. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Jour nal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, Graf, P., & Mandler, G Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Ver bal Behavior, 23, Hashtroudi, S., Ferguson, S. A., Rappold, V. A., & Chrosniak, L. D Data-driven and concep tually driven processes in partial-word identification and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychol ogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, Jacoby, L. L A process dissociation frame work: Separating automatic from intentional use of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, Kreitler, S., & Singer, J. L The self reference effect in incidental memory: Elaboration, organiza tion, rehearsal and self complexity. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 10, Markus, H Self schema and processing infor mation about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, Markus, H., & Nurius, P Possible self. Amer ican Psychologist, 41, Niedenthal, P. M., Setterlund, M. B., & Wherry, M. B Possible self complexity and affective reac tions to goal-relevant evaluation. Journal of Person ality and Social Psychology, 63, Roediger, H. L Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., Stadler, M. A., & Riegler, G. L Direct comparison of word fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, Rogers, T. B A model of self as an aspect of the human information processing system. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cogni tion, and social interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Pp Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S Self reference and the encoding of personal informa tion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, Schacter, D. L Implicit memory: History and

7 current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, Schacter, D. L., Powers, J., & Booker, J Inten tion, awareness and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion. In S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn & K. Kirsner (Eds,), implicit memory: Theo retical issues. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp

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P /ﬁ¡ﬁcﬁNŒç implicit memory levels of processing Craik Lockhart 1972 1988 cf. 1988 1 1980 1980 1 explicit memory implicit memory e.g., Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987 2001 priming direct priming effect 2 1 2