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- ゆあ みねむら
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1 MPPC
2 MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter), MPPC T2K MPPC T2K (HPK) CPTA, MPPC T2K p,π T2K > < 1MHz > 15% 200p.e. MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC HPK MPPC
3 2 1 MPPC MPPC MPPC T2K T2K T2K MPPC MPPC Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE)
4 PDE PDE PDE MPPC HPK HPK100A HPK100C HPK100A ADC Efficiency Gain Efficiency MPPC MPPC MIP p/π Bibliography 68 69
5 4 A 70 B 73 List of Figures 75 List of Tables 77
6 5 1 MPPC MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter) 1 MPPC MPPC 1.1 MPPC 1.1 ( 1 1mm 2 ) APD(Avalanche Photo Diode) MPPC APD APD 2 MPPC (30 70V) ( 10 6 ) MPPC 1 APD APD(Avalanche Photo Diode) pn 1.2 APD APD - pn 1 SiPM(Silicon Photo Multiplier)
7 6 1 MPPC 1.1: MPPC 1 1mm : APD
8 1.3. MPPC 7 APD ([4]) MPPC 1 APD MPPC APD V MPPC , - p + n + ( ) 10 6 MPPC APD MPPC ( ) 1 C pixel V bias V bias R pixel V 0 Q pixel = C pixel (V bias V 0 ) C pixel R pixel ([2]) 1.3 MPPC MPPC ( 1 1mm 2 ) APD (Avalanche Photo Diode) MPPC ( ) MPPC
9 8 1 MPPC MPPC (p.e.) MPPC ( )Q MPPC Q MPPC = N Q pixel N 1.4 MPPC MPPC T2K ILC 2 2 MPPC PET(Positron Emission Tomography) MPPC PET NMR 3 MPPC T2K T2K MPPC 2 3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer
10 1.4. MPPC 9 1.3: 1.4: MPPC 1 1.5: 1.4 -
11 10 2 T2K T2K (T2K : Tokai to Kamioka) 50GeV µ 2009 T2K LEP Z T2K J-PARC 50GeV 2 J-PARC 1 295km J-PARC
12 2.3. T2K km 2.3 T2K 280m on-axis off-axis 2 off-axis 1 off-axis 2.1 off-axis ( 2.1 FGDs),ECAL Pi-zero MPPC 2.1: off-axis
13 12 2 T2K 2.4 off-axis : T2K
14 p/π 0.2T mm T2K 0.2T 200p.e. MIP MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Countor) MPPC 1 Minimum Ionization Particle
15 14 2 T2K T2K ( ), (30 70V ), MPPC T2K 2.5 MPPC PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency), T2K > , < 1MHz,PDE>PMT 75% + T2K MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC
16 MPPC T2K MPPC (HPK) 4 HPK MPPC MPPC PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency), 3.1 HPK CPTA 3.1 HPK100A ns 70V HPK100B ns 70V HPK100C ns 50V HPK ns 50V CPTA ns 40V 3.1: 1p.e. HPK 100A A,100B A,100C A, HPK 100 HPK100A HPK100B R pixel ( C pixel R pixel ) C pixel HPK100C 2 5 1mm 2 HPK CPTA HPK CPTA
17 (HPK400) 3.2(CPTA600) 3.1: HPK400 50µm 50µm mm 2 3.2: CPTA600 42µm 42µm 1mm : MPPC MPPC LED MPPC MPPC
18 ( ) 1 1p.e. 2 (2p.e. ),3 (3p.e. ) MPPC MPPC MPPC ADC ( ) MPPC ADC 3.5 ADC ( ) ADC 45p.e. 2% MPPC ( 4 ) 3.4: MPPC 3.3 MPPC
19 : MPPC LED ADC MPPC MPPC 1 APD MPPC (G) = 1 (Q pixel) (e) ( ) MPPC ADC p.e. 3.6 LED MPPC CAMAC ADC ADC 0.25pC AMP HPK MPPC PMT ( 10) CPTA MPPC ( 77)
20 H.V. MODEL C3350 LED NSPB500S nm ETAC HIFLEX FL211C LED MPPC ADC 1p.e. ADC,MPPC 15,20,25 3.6: , HPK T2K ( ) CPTA 0.1V MPPC % 100mV 1 1 MPPC (G) (C pixel ), (V 0 ) G = Q pixel e = C pixel e (V bias V 0 ) (3.1)
21 :
22 ID V=0.1 T=1 HPK100A 7.5% 5% HPK100B 6.7% 5% HPK % 1% CPTA % 1% 3.2: (V) 0.1V (T) 1 (G) (%) Q pixel : e : V bias : 1 C pixel - dg/dv bias dg C pixel = e (3.2) dv bias ( ) T d T d = C pixel R pixel ln2 R pixel 1 T d HPK MPPC R pixel 1 C pixel C pixel = T d R pixel ln2 (3.3) (3.2) (3.3) factor2 - (3.4) V 0 20 V 0 HPK100A : 70.2V HPK100B : 70.2V
23 22 3 ID C pixel [ff] by (3.2) C pixel [ff] by (3.3) R pixel [kω] HPK100A HPK100B HPK CPTA : HPK R pixel HPK HPK400 : 42.7V CPTA600 : 33.3V 3.4 MPPC 1 MPPC MPPC 1 MPPC MPPC MPPC ( ) MPPC 1 1p.e. 3.8 MPPC 3.8
24 : HPK100A MPPC 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e p.e. threshold 10k 3MHz 1MHz T2K HPK HPK400 3 HPK400 threshold 1.5p.e. 2p.e p.e. 1
25 :
26 ( ) 0.5p.e. threshold 1.5p.e. threshold ( ) 1p.e. 1p.e. 2p.e. 1p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 3.9 HPK100A 0.5p.e. threshold 1.5p.e. threshold 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e. threshold 3.5 p/π MPPC MPPC ns µs ( 100ns)
27 ADC : HPK400 ADC ADC 0p.e MPPC 0p.e p.e. p.e. 0p.e p.e 1p.e. 2p.e.
28 3.6. Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) : HPK400 =1 1p.e. 1p.e. 1p.e. p.e. 1p.e. (4 17%) % Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) MPPC 20 PDE
29 : HPK PDE PDE Photon Detection Efficiency 1 MPPC PDE 3 PDE = QE ɛ Geiger ɛ pixel QE MPPC ɛ Geiger ɛ pixel ɛ pixel ɛ pixel
30 3.6. Photon Detection Efficiency(PDE) PDE PDE 3.14 PDE efficiency MPPC 1/2 PMT PMT MPPC 1mm 2 MPPC PMT 2 CAMAC ADC ADC (p.e.) MPPC PMT H.V. PDE MPPC (p.e.) PDE ADC ADC (p.e.) MPPC (p.e.) CPTA MPPC ADC 1p.e PMT ( Mean)/ (p.e.) PDE PDE PDE 3.15 PDE MPPC (p.e.) PDE = PMT (p.e.) 0.5p.e. threshold 3.15 ( ) PDE QE PDE ɛ Geiger HPK400
31 30 3 khz PMT 3.7 MPPC 20, MPPC (p.e.) MPPC p.e. N p.e. ( ) =PDE N photon ( ) MPPC MPPC N p.e. MPPC N pixel MPPC m 1 N p.e. /m N p.e. /m 0 ( ) e Np.e. m,1 ( ) 1 e Np.e. m MPPC N pixel N pixel = m (1 exp( N p.e. )) (3.4) m LED MPPC (p.e.) (p.e.) (p.e.) PDE PMT 3.14 LED (p.e.) PMT (p.e.) N pixel N p.e.
32 3.8. HPK MPPC N pixel (p.e.) HPK100A 212kHz, 1% (p.e.)- (p.e.) p.e. 10%,50p.e 20% 3.8 HPK400 HPK V 49.8V 49.3V 10kHz, 1% (p.e.)- (p.e.) p.e. 100 khz HPK400 1
33 HPK100C 2 LED ( 3.18) 2 ADC 3.19 HPK100C 100, 60ns, 50V (4 ) PDE PDE PMT 1 T2K HPK100A,HPK100B 2 300kHz 1MHz T2K PDE HPK100A V,HPK100B V 1V HPK400 PDE CPTA600 PDE 400 T2K A
34 :
35 : PDE 2
36 : PDE 20 PDE PMT 1
37 : HPK100A (p.e.)- (p.e.)
38 : HPK400 (p.e.)- (p.e.) : HPK100C LED 3.19: HPK100C LED ADC 2
39 : - :KPK100A, :HPK100B, :HPK400, :CPTA T2K
40 : -PDE :KPK100A, :HPK100B, :HPK400, :CPTA T2K
41 ( ) MPPC 1 MPPC (HPK100A) (HPK100C) HPK100A 1 Efficiency Gain Efficiency HPK100C MPPC 2 ( 3 ) MPPC
42 : 10 20µm 100 MPPC 859nm 50ps 1µm CAMAC ADC MPPC HPK100A ADC p.e. ADC 4.3
43 42 4 Efficiency MPPC ADC Efficiency = 0.5p.e. Efficiency ADC 4.3 ADC 2p.e. 1 2p.e kHz, 100ns, ( ) ( )=0.06 6% 2p.e. 1p.e. 6% ADC 2p.e. 4.2: HPK100A 1 (1p.e. ) 4.3: HPK100A ADC Efficiency HPK100A 1 (100µm 100µm) 2 Efficiency 1 10µm 10 10
44 4.4. HPK100A µm 60µm efficiency HPK100A 1 70µm 70µm ( 4.5) 1 4.5: HPK100A 1 4.4: HPK100A 1 Efficiency Gain Efficiency HPK100A Gain,Efficiency (10 10) Efficiency,Gain 1 Efficiency : R.M.S. Mean =2.5% Gain : R.M.S. Mean =3.6%
45 : HPK100A Efficiency 4.7: HPK100A Gain 4.5 HPK100C 2 MPPC ( 4.8) ADC ( 4.9) 2 10µm (150µm 150µm) 10µm ADC ( 4.9) = ( c1) (c1 c2) = ( c2) = c1 c HPK100C 1 70µm 70µm
46 : HPK100C 4.9: HPK100C ADC HPK100C 2 LED 2 ( 4.11)
47 : HPK100C 1.5 ( ), ( ), ( )
48 : HPK100C LED ADC
49 GeV T1, +MPPC 5.1 T2K MPPC MIP 5p.e. p/π MPPC MPPC 0.5GeV/c 1.4GeV/c 1.3cm 2.5cm 50cm
50 5.3. MPPC : (Wave Length Shifting fiber) Y11 1mmφ (MAPMT) 64ch 4ch MPPC HPK100A 4 CPTA600 4 MPPC CAMAC ADC MAPMT SciBar VME ([1]) TOF 4 TOF MPPC 1mmφ MPPC 1mm 2 MPPC
51 : HPK MPPC HPK MPPC 5.2 HPK MPPC 0.8mm HPK MPPC 0.8mm ( ) ( ) MPPC MPPC MPPC (1mmφ) MPPC MPPC LED
52 5.3. MPPC : HPK MPPC MPPC ( ) 2 MPPC MPPC 20% HPK MPPC MPPC effective PDE effective PDE PDE 5.4 MPPC PMT HPK100A 4 ( 5.5) PMT MPPC(p.e.)/PMT(p.e.) PDE( 3.15) 50% CPTA MPPC
53 52 5 1/2 inch PMT on moving stage MPPC WLS fiber 5.4: HPK100A effective PDE MPPC PMT 15, 1mm 2 5.5: HPK100A effective PDE PMT MPPC(p.e.)/PMT(p.e.) 15
54 MPPC MIP 5p.e., MIP MPPC 1.2GeV/c MIP 1.2GeV/c TOF MIP MPPC ADC 2 MPPC p/π, (p.e.) (R.M.S/Mean) GeV/c MPPC ADC p/π MPPC MPPC 5.6 4, MPPC MIP MAPMT MIP(1.2GeV/c π) 18.0 ± 0.8p.e. 1 (p.e.) 5.7 MAPMT LED ADC 1p.e. MPPC MIP PDE MIP 5p.e. PDE T2K T2K HPK100A
55 : MPPC 4ch HPK 100A 1MHz MPPC 2 ( 300kHz 500kHz ) MIP 4 MIP effective PDE ( 5.8) 5.8 effective PDE HPK100A MIP kHz ( Mean) 13.3p.e p.e = =1.23(p.e.) (p.e.) =10.8(p.e.)
56 : MIP MAPMT 5.9 5p.e. MPPC 4 300kHz 400kHz ( ) PDE 400kHz 1MHZ HPK100A CPTA600 HPK100A CPTA MHz MIP kHz ( Mean) 22.0p.e. CPTA kHz PDE 1.3 MIP (p.e.) MAPMT (18.0p.e.) PDE(1.3) = 23.4p.e. CPTA600 HPK100A PDE MIP 5p.e. T2K
57 : HPK100A MIP p/π 1 p/π 1 MAPMT ( 5.11) Mean R.M.S ([3]) HPK100A CPTA600 ( ) HPK100A 560kHz CPTA kHz, 15 MIP Mean R.M.S. ( 5.15, 5.16) MAPMT MPPC2 p/π p/π p/π = Mean(p) Mean(π) R.M.S(p)+R.M.S(π) MAPMT MPPC2 p/π MPPC p/π MAPMT MAPMT MPPC 1
58 : MIP HPK100A kHz Mean 13.3p.e. HPK100A 50% p/π MIP 0.5GeV/c MPPC HPK100A 560kHz CPTA kHz MAPMT MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.) ( 5.18) MAPMT 5.18 MPPC 0.5GeV/c CPTA600 HPK100A 3 (MAPMT (p.e.)) 60p.e. 20%
59 : MIP CPTA kHz Mean 22.0p.e. 5.6 HPK100A CPTA600 HPK100A,CPTA kHz 1MHZ MIP 2 p/π HPK100A,CPTA600 p/π MAPMT HPK100A 50% p/π CPTA600 MAPMT p/π MAPMT (p.e.) HPK100A 2 CPTA kHz
60 : MAPMT
61 : MAPMT R.M.S
62 : HPK100A
63 : CPTA600
64 : HPK100A R.M.S
65 : CPTA600 R.M.S
66 : p/π :HPK100A, :CPTA600, :MAPMT
67 : MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.) :CPTA600, :HPK100A
68 67 6 Multi Pixel Photon Counter(MPPC) T2K (HPK) CPTA MPPC PDE, , 10k 2MHz, 0 40%,PDE PMT HPK100A 3.6%,Efficiency 2.5% MPPC HPK MPPC MPPC T2K p,π T2K MIP 5p.e. p/π HPK100A CPTA600 MPPC T2K HPK100A HPK400 PDE,600 CPTA T2K HPK 400 PDE T2K MPPC T2K
69 68 [1].K2K,,,2003 [2] P.Buzhan et.al.,an advanced study of silicon photomultiplier, ICFA Instr.Bull. 23 (2001) [3].K2K,,,2003 [4].J-PARC off-axis APD,,,2005
70 69 KEK,
71 70 A 4 ADC 2 MPPC MPPC ADC 2p.e. = 1.5p.e. 0.5p.e. 0.5p.e. 1.5p.e MPPC 1 A.1 A (100µm 100µm) Efficiency % % (10 10) A.2 A.2 Mean R.M.S =14.2%
72 A.1: HPK100A 1 ( 4.7) Efficiency ( 4.7) x 0 2,y 8 10 A.2 Efficiency Efficiency, 3 1
73 72 A A.2: HPK100A
74 73 B HPK1-43 MPPC 45p.e. LED ADC B.1 ADC B.1: HPK1-43 LED ADC HPK , 100ns V
75 74 B 500kHz V HPK100C 2 ( B.2) HPK100C HPK B.2: HPK1-43 LED ADC 2 HPK p.e MPPC
76 MPPC APD MPPC off-axis HPK CPTA MPPC MPPC MPPC LED ADC HPK100A HPK400 ADC HPK HPK PDE PDE HPK100A (p.e.)- (p.e.) HPK400 (p.e.)- (p.e.) HPK100C LED HPK100C LED ADC
77 76 B PDE HPK100A HPK100A ADC HPK100A 1 Efficiency HPK100A HPK100A Efficiency HPK100A Gain HPK100C HPK100C ADC HPK100C HPK100C LED ADC HPK MPPC HPK MPPC HPK100A effective PDE HPK100A effective PDE MPPC MIP MAPMT HPK100A MIP MIP HPK100A MIP CPTA MAPMT MAPMT HPK100A CPTA HPK100A CPTA p/π MAPMT (p.e.)-mppc (p.e.)
78 77 A.1 HPK100A A.2 HPK100A B.1 HPK1-43 LED ADC B.2 HPK1-43 LED ADC... 74
79 (V) 0.1V (T) 1 (G) (%)
Introduction MPPC is new semiconductor photon sensor Technology is very similar to SiPM. Under development by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK) MPPC have not
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masato@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp 996 Start 997 998 999 000 00 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 SK-I Accident Partial Reconstruction SK-II Full reconstruction ( SK-III ( ),46 (40%) 5,8 (9%),9 (40%) 5MeV 7MeV 4MeV(plan)
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2008 年度 P6 発表会 新型半導体検出器 MPPCによる放射線測定 2009 年 3 月 11 日福間 今野班 目次 福間 今野 実験の目的 MPPCとシンチレータ 原理と解説 測定での困難 測定結果と考察 まとめと課題 実験の目的 MPPC(Multi Pixel Photon Counter) 最近になって開発された新しい光検出器優れたフォトンカウンティング能力低電圧で動作コンパクト LaBr3
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23 2 2.1 10 5 6 N/m 2 2.1.1 f x x L dl U 1 du = T ds pdv + fdl (2.1) 24 2 dv = 0 dl ( ) U f = T L p,t ( ) S L p,t (2.2) 2 ( ) ( ) S f = L T p,t p,l (2.3) ( ) U f = L p,t + T ( ) f T p,l (2.4) 1 f e ( U/
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Triple 2:1 High-Speed Video Multiplexer (Rev. C
www.tij.co.jp OPA3875 µ ± +5V µ RGB Channel OPA3875 OPA3875 (Patented) RGB Out SELECT ENABLE RED OUT GREEN OUT BLUE OUT 1 R G B RGB Channel 1 R1 G1 B1 X 1 Off Off Off 5V Channel Select EN OPA875 OPA4872
高速データ変換
Application Report JAJA206 V+ R 5 V BIAS Q 6 Q R R 2 Q 2 Q 4 R 4 R 3 Q 3 V BIAS2 Q 5 R 6 V Ω Q V GS + R Q 4 V+ Q 2 Q 3 + V BE V R 2 Q 5 R Op Amp + Q 6 V BE R 3 Q 7 R 4 R 2 A A 2 Buffer 2 ± Ω Ω R G V+ Q.4.2