放射線化学, 92, 39 (2011)
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1 V. M. S. V. 1 Contents of the lecture note by Prof. V. M. Byakov and Dr. S. V. Stepanov (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia) are described in a series of articles. The first article concerns basic concepts, classification and sources of ionizing radiations. Translation into the Japanese language is based on the arrangement between the Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry and National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Russian Federation. Keywords: radiation chemistry, radiolysis, early process V. M. S. V % Foundations of Radiation Chemistry Early Processes of Radiolysis by V. M. Byakov and S. V. Stepanov, Part 1 Yoshinori Kobayashi (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), Toshitaka Oka (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), , TEL: , FAX: , y-kobayashi@aist.go.jp X 1896 * *1 radio activity radio radius activus α β γ X
2 , *2 α β γ 1944 M. Burton A. K * J. J C esu kg 1/ J/T= erg/g α 92 (2011) 40
3 V. M. S. V. 1 1 O 2 NO *3 H Li Na 2 OH 1 H + O H + H O H 1 OH e + (CH 3 ) 2 CO (CH 3 ) 2 CO (1) D SI Gy *4 1Gy 1kg 1J 1rad *5 1rad= 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy ev/g ev/cm 3 1Gy= ev/g = ρ ev/cm 3 ρ g/cm 3 *3 cathode anode cation anion *4 Louis Harold Gray *5 radiation absorbed dose 41
4 , i G i de dn i de 100 ev *6 G i = f (D) G 0 i G i (D) D D 0 G i = dn i de = 1 ρ d(n i /V) d(e/ρv) = 1 ρ dc i dd ρ c i i 10 /100 ev (2) 1. G(-H 2 O) 2. *6 100 ev 1J 1J 2 G /100 ev = 9.68 G μmol/j ev G i dc i /dt c i i /cm 3 G i = dn i /de n i E 100 ev ρ g/cm 3 D ev/g Ḋ ev/(g s) *7 dc i dt = G i Ḋ ρ 100 dc i = G i Ḋ dt ρ N A (3) c i dm 3 mol/dm 3 M ρ dm 3 kg kg ev N A = γ 10 ev α β γ 1903 *7 dose rate 92 (2011) 42
5 V. M. S. V MeV α MeV β 40 K 1MeV β 40 K α α α 4 2He 2e 4 α 5 8 MeV α 8MeV 1g α 100 cal/h 4 1g 1 α G α α α α α α α β β 0.1 2MeV β β + K 1 α β β β E E + de β E β β 2 β E max β β α α β E max MeV 3 H β β 18 kev 5.7 kev β E max β β W E max 2/3 β 1/3 β 43
6 , 22 Na 227 Ra 542 kev 1.2 MeV 227 Raβ β MeV 2 22 Na β Ra β β n p + e + ν e p n + e + + ν e β α β γ α β γ γ γ γ γ K X Z 90 Th Pa U m 1 : m 2 2:3 K. A. G. N U 160 MeV α α α α N(t) dt N(t) dn dn N(t) dt dn = λ N(t) dt (4) 92 (2011) 44
7 V. M. S. V. 1 λ (4) dn/dt = λn N(t) N(t) = N 0 e λt = N 0 e t/τ (5) N 0 t=0 τ=1/λ exp 2 N(t) = N 0 2 t/t 1/2 (6) T 1/2 T 1/2 (5) (6) T 1/2 = ln 2 λ = τ ln τ (7) / g t U 235 U / 10 3 g/t 3 / U 238 U 235 N 0 / 238 N U 235 U U τ 238 = τ 235 = U 238 U erg erg 1 1 6erg/(t s) = cal/(t s) *8 A = cal/(cm 3 s) 5.5 g/cm 3 Q = 4 3 πr3 A cal/s (8) R = 6400 km ( ) dt Q = 4πR 2 κ (9) dr κ cal/(deg cm s) r=r *8 K. U. Astrofizicheskie Velichini Moskva IL
8 , ( ) dt = AR 0.04 deg/cm (10) dr r=r 3κ deg/cm 100 R 2 /(6D T ) D T = cm 2 /s h h << R ( ) dt R 4πR 2 κ = A 4πr 2 dr 4πR 2 ha (11) dr R h r=r ( ) dt dr r=r Ah κ (12) deg/cm h 10 km t 10 U g/t α β γ MGy τ 238 = D α D β D γ α β γ D total D α = U (e t/6.5 1) 2.8 Ut D β = 2.28 U (e t/6.5 1) Ut D γ = 1.48 U (e t/6.5 1) Ut D total = U (e t/6.5 1) 3.4 Ut MGy α α β γ % 232 Th α D α MGy = (2.8 U Th) t U Th g/t t % 235 U 0.64% 235 U U U U *9 300 m MW C *9 235 U 3% 92 (2011) 46
9 V. M. S. V. 1 90% α 7% 1.2% 1.5%0.3% 10 5 Z > 30 2 /(cm 2 s) ev/cm ev ev ev 10 9 ev F(E) F(E)dE E 2.7 de 4 70% 30% 0.1 1% J, 1/(cm 2 s) x, g/cm 2 μ ± 4 1 1cm 2 x 1cm 2 x = 1kg/1 cm 2 = 1000 g/1cm N 14 C n + 14 N 14 C + 1 H 4MeV 5% n + 14 N 12 C + 3 H 14 C 2.2 cm 2 s cm 2 s 1 14 CO 2 3 HOH 14 C 3 H
10 , 3 He ++ 7 Be N + 14 N 14 C N 5 14 C 14 N 14 N 14 C 12 C 14 C 3 H 14 C 14 C 14 C /(cm 2 s) 100 ev 10 MeV 2MeV C M. Astrofizika Visokikh Energii M. Mir 1984 β β β γ 60 Co 60 Co γ MeV 92 (2011) 48
11 V. M. S. V. 1 E kv kv 1MV 100 MeV Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys 1987 Spin dynamics of the polarized short-lived betaactive nuclei. Beta-NMR spectroscopy ITEP Ph. D Positrons in molecular media: theoretical grounds of positron annihilation spectroscopy ITEP National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Vsevolod Mikhailovich Byakov 1954 Lomonosov Moscow State University ESR Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP 1973 ITEP D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Sergey Vsevolodovich Stepanov
23 1 Section ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) , 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, % ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4
23 1 Section 1.1 1 ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) 2 3 235, 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, 0.0118% ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4 2 ( )2 4( 4 He) 12 3 16 12 56( 56 Fe) 4 56( 56 Ni)
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