IEEJ: Be L F L Nl L De L Be H Dk De H F H It NL H Sp UK Minimum value Maximum value Usual values Min L Max L Max H & E Min H

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1 IEEJ: * ** *** **** ***** MJ/m 3 45MJ/m Blending 3545MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m 3 LNG MJ/m 3 0/ 15/1 LNG * ** *** **** ***** 1 2 1

2 IEEJ: Be L F L Nl L De L Be H Dk De H F H It NL H Sp UK Minimum value Maximum value Usual values Min L Max L Max H & E Min H Min E Wobbe number (MJ/m3 15 C/15 C)) Transmission System EASEE-gas European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange-gas EASEE-gas Common Business Practice EASEE-gas North American Energy Standards Gas Industry Standards Board, GISB EASEE-gas Associate 3 4 2

3 IEEJ: LNG GTEGas Transmission Europe 10 6 GTE 6 H-gas GTE Combustion Properties GCV GTE EASEE-gas EASEE-gas kWh/m MJ/m mg/Nm 3 H 2 S COS S 5mg/Nm 3 S 6mg/Nm mol % 2.5mol -8 70bar 69atm bar FC 3 L-mark H-mark 5 3

4 IEEJ: E-mark L-mark H-mark E-mark St.FergusTeessideEasington TheddlethorpeBactonBarrow NTSNational Transmission SystemLTSLocal Transmission System 7bar 7kgf/cm 2 National Grid Transco Transco LTS St.Fergus Teeside Barrow Easington Theddlethorpe Bacton Shipper Supplier Transco 4

5 IEEJ: St.Fergus Bacton MJ/m 3 St.Fergus4041.5MJ/m 3 Easington MJ/m 3 Bacton MJ/m 3 St. Fergus 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% UK Calorific Value GCV, MJ/m3(st) 1996 GSMRGas Safety Management Regulation Hydrocarbon Dewpoint British Gas GSMR Transco MJ/ 3 Wobbe MJ/ MJ/ 3 50mg/ 3 50mg/ mol 0.1 mol 5mg/ 3 5mg/ mol mol / barg 7 CO 2 2 N mg/m 3 5 /g 5

6 IEEJ: Ofgas Ofgem 1996 The Gas Calculation of Thermal Energy Regulations 1997 Transco 13 Charging Zone Transco Shipper Supplier SupplierShipper Charging Zone Calorific Value Eastern 39.5 East Midlands 39.8 Northern 40.6 North East 40.6 North Thames 39.6 North West 39.7 Scotland 40.4 South East 39.0 Southern 39.7 South West 39.7 West Midlands 39.7 Wales North 39.7 Wales South 39.7 Scottish Independents 38.3 Stornoway 93.0 Stranraer 39.6 Stornoway LPG 1MJ/m 3 Declared CV 1996 Transco 6

7 IEEJ: , MJ/ m 3 1mcm 40.2MJ/ m 3 6mcm 39.8MJ/ m MJ/ m 3 3mcm 38.0MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m 3 10 Leakage 40% Theft 8% Metering inaccuracies 7% CV Change 30% Compressor fuel 14% Pre-heater fuel 1% GWh Thousands /97 97/98 98/99 99/ LNG ExxonMobil LNG Balgzand Bacton GSMR Department of Trade and Industry, DTI Ofgem HSE 3 Phase Study GSMR LNG GSMR 7

8 IEEJ: ,000 British Gas ,200 4,200 LNG 1020 GSMR 3 Phase Study Full Study Appliance Survey Full Study Appliance Survey 2005 Public Consultation DTIOfgem HSE % % 60% % 80 40% 60 30% 40 20% 20 10% 0 0% 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 UKCS UKCS Upside Existing Imports Additional Import Requirement (bcm per annum) Demand Import Requirement 8

9 IEEJ: Lacq LNG 14 1/4 9.9Bcm11 3 Taisnières Gournay Gaz de France GdF GdF Virtual Mixing EU GdF UK Taisnières Gournay LNG DTI LNG Shipper GdF LNG 9 Wobbe 50MJ/m MJ/m 3 43 MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m 3

10 IEEJ: Zeebrugge Fos-sur-Mer CRE GdF THT GdF Unit H-type kwh/m 3 L-type kwh/m 3 Wobbe H-type kwh/m 3 L-type kwh/m 3 Instant mg/m 3 Monthly 7 7 mg/m 3 THT 1540 mg/m mg/m 3 10

11 IEEJ: Gas Quality Area 6 GdF 1MJ/m 3 GdF km 20 Indigenous Production Exports Total Consumption Imports Stock Changes British Gas The Gas Calculation of Thermal Energy Regulations 2007 E EASEE-gas LNG GdF LNG 6 11

12 IEEJ: G-gas Gasunie G-gas H-gas 2 L-gas Gasunie GTSGastransport Services 3 Compressor Station 8 Blending Station m 3 LNG 1 2 NorgGrijpskerk 1 Alkmaar m 3 Amsterdam LNG Rotterdam 12

13 IEEJ: Shipper Groningen GTS Shipper Gasunie Trade&Supply Gasunie G-gas N 2 15 CH 4 81 GCV 35.2 MJ/Nm MJ/m L-gas G-gas LDC G-gas G-gas L-gas H-gas H-gas [Bcm/y] GTS GTS MJ/Nm MJ/Nm 3 GTS MJ/Nm MJ/Nm 3 Wobbe MJ/Nm MJ/Nm 3 O 2 0.1volume % CO 2 8.0volume % Aromatic Compound mol % H 2 S 5mg/m 3 Mercaptan 15mg/m 3 20mg/m 3 Water Dewpoint -8 5mg/m bar 13

14 IEEJ: Shipper GTSGastransport Services blending GTS GTS Shipper GTS A B Shipper X B A Shipper Y Shipper 1 H-gas Line G-gas Line Shipper 2 Shipper X B H-gas Line A G-gas Line Shipper Y Shipper X A B Shipper Y B A 14

15 IEEJ: GTS GTS City Gate GTS Method

16 IEEJ: Method 1 Method 2 0.4% 0-Flow 0-Flow Flow A B EASEE-gas EASEE-gas Gasunie Office of Energy Regulation; Dte Brattle Group Wholesale Gas Competition in the Netherlands and Implications for Phase III Customers H-gas G-gas 1 H-gas GTS G-gas H-gas G-gas GasunieGTS G-gas G-gas H-gas G-gas H-gas 16

17 IEEJ: ANREl Paso NGPLNatural Gas Pipeline Company of America TexasEasternTranscontinental 8 17

18 IEEJ: LDC City gate Southern Natural Gas Co. Aiken 1020Btu/scf MJ/m g/Mcf g/Mcf CO ,180g/1,000Mcf 5 950Btu/ft 3 1,04050Btu Aiken 1,02025Btu 1,090Btu 1,050Btu Elba Island Blending Station 1,035Btu Processing Plant (Toca) LDC LDC Nicor Gas Citygate Btu/scf MJ/m 3 Southern Natural Gas 18

19 IEEJ: Alliance ANR NGPL Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Midwestern Gas Transmission Pipeline Nicor Gas Btu/scf

20 IEEJ: LNG Interchangeability LNG Hydrocarbon DewpointHDP FERC Natural Gas Interchangeability Conference LNG LDC Gas Technology InstituteGTI LNG Natural Gas Council Natural Gas Interchangeability and Non-Combustion End Use Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure 2 LNG Dropout FERC Natural Gas Interchangeability Conference Natural Gas Council GTI FERC Natural Gas Interchangeability Conference FERC Docket LNG Elba Island LNG 4 Southern LNG Shell Phase 1 LNG GTI LNG Phase 2 Study 10 20

21 IEEJ: LDC 3 Phase Study LNG GSMR 3 Phase study EASEE-gas Charging Area GTI GTI LNG LNG 21

22 IEEJ: LNG LPG LNG 13A 11 NO X SO X 12 LNG LNG 3 LNG H-gas LDC LDC LNG LPG

23 IEEJ: LNG DTI GSMR GTI Phase 2 Study LNG NOx DTI GSMR GTI Phase 2 Study

24 IEEJ: LNG LNG LNG

2004

2004 IEEJ: 2005 11 * ** *** 2003 6 2004 7 2007 7 1995 2 2 1980 1996 25,000 2 57,250m 3 British Gas 1988 Monopolies and Mergers CommissionMMC1991 Office of Fair TradingOFT 1992 2,500 (5,725m 3 ) British Gas

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