Donald Carl J. Choi, β ( )

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1 :: α β γ α α β α β

2 Donald Carl J. Choi, β ( ) γ γ

3 Donald Carl J. Choi, α β γ 2 α X 2 E a b V 0 r E(r) V (r) E(r) = V 0 log ( ) 1 b r a V (r) = V 0 (1 log r a log b a ) = V 0 log a b log r b E a µm 1 N Q = e 0 NM = e 0 N m 1 mγ (1)

4 Donald Carl J. Choi, m Q/N(=[ ]/[1 ]) 1 M M PR Q (quenching gas) M 3. M M Am (α 4.4MeV 0.74MBq) 2. PR ( 90%, 10%)

5 Donald Carl J. Choi, (Multi Channel Analyzer, MCA) 1 :: 3. ( 1) Am 7. 8.

6 Donald Carl J. Choi, :: 9. 2 (BNC SHV MHV) UNI OUT 10. PR cc/min. PR MC (P ) Couse Gain (F1) Fine Gain (F2) - F1 F2 (Volt) 2. 1 MCA P P MCA P/(F1*F2) 3. 50V 1800V V 50V

7 Donald Carl J. Choi, V (Course Fine ) 2.4 MCA Cours Gain, Fine Gain (Bq) SI ( ) (Sv )

8 Donald Carl J. Choi, mm 10cm ( ) (Ionization Region) (Ionization Chamber) m 2 (electron avalanche) m M ( ) 1 γ mγ mγ 1 m 2 m 2 γ

9 Donald Carl J. Choi, M = m + m 2 γ + m 3 γ = m 1 mγ (mγ < 1) 2 M mγ 1 M ( 13 ) Am (α 4.4MeV 0.74MBq) 2. ( )ϕ = 30, 200µm PR ( 90%, 10%) (Multi Channel Analyzer, MCA)

10 Donald Carl J. Choi, µm α 2 41Am Course Fine 12. PR cc/min. PR V 1800V V µm µm

11 Donald Carl J. Choi, µm 30µm E(r) = V 0 log ( ) 1 b r a

12 Donald Carl J. Choi, b a a mm 200µm 30µm

13 Donald Carl J. Choi, α β 4.1 α Am µm 3. 30µm 200µm 4. PR cc/min MCA 60 sec V 9. V 10. MCA MCA MCA ROI (Region of Interest) ROI ROI ROI 3. ROI Gross

14 Donald Carl J. Choi, mm Fig α 1 cm Offset 10mm β α

15 Donald Carl J. Choi, β ( 1 37Cs) β β 3. β 4. 30µm 5. 30µ m 6. PR cc/min V (Course Fine) 2.

16 Donald Carl J. Choi, gross V

17 Donald Carl J. Choi, mm 32mm mm 37.0mm R m 29.5mm 39.5mm R e mg/cm mg/cm 3 α 4.4MeV 5.4mg/cm cm α α α MeV 0.65MeV α 0.622[MeV]

18 Donald Carl J. Choi, µm 5mm 3mm, 40mm 1mm Ω (a, b) MCA Q a ( ), b( ) (V 1, V 2 ) V 2 V 1 +V 2 V 2 V 1 +V Am (α 4.4MeV 0.74MBq) 2. PR ( 90%, 10%)

19 Donald Carl J. Choi, Dual sum and Inverter DSI Position Analyzer Multi Channel Analyzer, MCA Am α Am α 1mm 5. 3 BNC UNI OUT DSI V1+V2 (POS), -V2 (NEG) 6. Amp (POS) Position Analyzer Energy Input Amp (NEG) Position Input 7. Position Analyzer Energy Discri Course Gain Fine Gain PR cc/min V 12. Position Analyzer Energy Discri MCA 4

20 Donald Carl J. Choi, :: 4 :: α V 1400V 1500V 2. α

21 Donald Carl J. Choi, mm MCA (ch) FWHM (ch) FWHM MCA ROI Calc FWHM ( 4) 4. 1 mm (1 ) ch/mm FWHM (ch) mm FWHM (mm)

22 Donald Carl J. Choi, HV 1300V V HV HV 6 β 6.1 ( )

23 Donald Carl J. Choi, ( ) ( ) β 20mTorr ρ B E(keV) p e 0 F = e 0 ( v B ) (2)

24 Donald Carl J. Choi, e 0 vb = m v2 ρ e 0 B = mv ρ Bρ = p e 0 (3) E 2 all = p 2 c 2 + m 2 ec 4 (4) E (3) (4) p (2) ( E + me c 2) 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 ec 4 E all = E + m e c 2 (5) ( E + me c 2) 2 = (e0 Bρ) 2 c 2 + m 2 ec 4 E 2 + 2Em e c 2 = (e 0 Bρ) 2 c 2 ( ) { 2 ( ) } 2 (Bρ) 2 me c E = + 2E e 0 m e c 2 m e c 2 ( Bρ = m ) ec 2 2 E + 2E (6) e 0 c m e c 2 m e c 2 e 0 = [C] c = [m/s] m e c 2 = [kev] ( Bρ = ) E + 2E ( ) 2 E Bρ = E [T m] (7)

25 Donald Carl J. Choi, mTorr mm PR cc/min V V 9. Course Fine MCA 90 sec 11. MCA 12. 0V MCA sec 2. MCA ROI Gross V

26 Donald Carl J. Choi, Over load Current V step Gross - K L 137 Cs Gross

27 Donald Carl J. Choi, mm 1cm Cs 137 Ba p Ba + p e + p ν = 0 E Ba + E e + E ν = M Cs c 2 3. γ K

28 Donald Carl J. Choi, E K δe I K E K = δe I K K L M K : L : M = 566 : 100 : Gauss kev : E Blue = [keV] : E Green = [keV] Gross : E Orange = [keV] 137 Cs 137 Ba keV 137 Ba keV Ba K L keV keV K : = [keV] L : = [keV] : [keV] 30 40keV 7 γ NaI(Tl)+ MCA MCA ON Co 10cm HV 700V HV 600V 1V

29 Donald Carl J. Choi, Co γ Co 5. (INPUT) POS (Positive, ) NEG (Negative, ) 6. UNI OUT (Uni-polar output) 2 5 V/div 1 5µsec Gain 7. Gain HV Gain COARSE FINE 8. HV 600V 7 8V (MCA) 9. MCA, PC PC HV Gain 60 Co Pco-1( ) 750 channel HV, 2. HV 137 Cs 22 Na Pco-1 Pco-2 Pcs Pna-1 Pna γ vs.γ HV

30 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs 10cm. 137 Cs Cs 6cm 2 3cm MCA MCA LT (Live Time), RT (Real Time) 7. MCA ROI (Region of Interest) (Gross, GRS) 8. 40K 1.46 MeV γ Cs 10cm HV Pcs(Cs ) 900ch 10. HV 50V Pcs HV Pcs 7.3 Na

31 Donald Carl J. Choi, Co Cs

32 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs::Al(30.45mm) Cs::Al(30.45mm)

33 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs::Pb(33.3mm) Cs::Pb(33.3mm)

34 Donald Carl J. Choi, Channel number versus Energy R 2 1 (kev) 137 Cs 6cm 2

35 Donald Carl J. Choi, HV 1 37Cs (photoelectric effect) :: ( ) (Compton effect) :: (pair creation) :: 1 511keV 1.022MeV 2. (Energy) = (Channel) Excel 3. F.E. :: 375 A :: 251 B :: 107

36 Donald Carl J. Choi, C :: D :: 14 F.E. :: 668 kev A :: 447 kev B :: 190 kev C :: D :: 24.4 kev 4. Full Energy Peak :: ( 137 Ba M4 ) A :: B :: C :: Ba L-X D :: Ba K-X 5. A 6. γ B Cs Peak2 Peak-to-Total Ratio 6cm :: cm :: cm :: cm :: cm :: cm :: cm :: cm :: 3.845

37 Donald Carl J. Choi, /r 2 vs. R /r 2

38 Donald Carl J. Choi, γ Cs Cs Gross (GRS), NET LT (Live Time), RT (Real Time) 2. x I F E (x) γ (Al), (Cu), (Pb) 3 5. I F E (x) xx Co (1333 kev)

39 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs :: Cu 137 Cs :: Pb

40 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs :: Al 60 Co :: Cu

41 Donald Carl J. Choi, Co :: Pb 60 Cs :: Al

42 Donald Carl J. Choi, Cs 661keVγ peak2net Cu :: ( :: 0.066) Pb :: ( :: 0.102) Al :: ( :: 0.020) Co 1333keVγ peak1net Cu :: ( :: 0.051) Pb :: ( :: 0.066) Al :: ( :: 0.014) 3.

23 1 Section ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) , 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, % ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4

23 1 Section ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) , 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, % ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4 23 1 Section 1.1 1 ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) 2 3 235, 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, 0.0118% ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4 2 ( )2 4( 4 He) 12 3 16 12 56( 56 Fe) 4 56( 56 Ni)

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