The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami Kohei Oka 1 and Yoshihiko Hirabuki 2 1 Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University m 20 m Abstract: We examined the relationship between coastal plants and microtopography damaged by the Tohoku tsunami of 2011 in a sandy beach to coastal forest ecotone in Minami-Gamou region, near Sendai Bay, Japan. We surveyed three transects on sandy beach and one in coastal forest 28 months after the tsunami. Plant composition was similar between the coastal forest and sandy beach, but plant density was significantly higher in the forest than on the beach. Coastal plants likely established in the coastal forest from the seedbank or from rhizomes extending from the beach, as the ground underlying the coastal forest rose after the tsunami. Furthermore, alien herbs and shrubs dominated in the higher elevations of the coastal forest. This suggests that coastal vegetation will develop into forests in the future. Meanwhile, coastal plant diversity was high in the sandy beach depression zone, but this zone will be destroyed by sea wall development. Consequently, it is important to maintain diverse microtopography to conserve coastal plant diversity in this region. Keywords: coastal forest, ecotone, microtopography, sandy beach, seawall, vegetation succession Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2-1-1, Miyake, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima , Japan k.oka.gw@cc.it-hiroshima.ac.jp

2 Hayasaka et al Fujiwara et al 調査地 1 Pinus thunbergii Parl m 2 m 20 m Google earth m 20 m m 調査測線の設置 m m 190

3 植生調査 2.5 m 微地形調査 m 295 m 解析方法 BG Plants Shannon- Wiener H Spearman 海岸林と海浜の出現種の比較 Robinia pseudoacacia L cm cm 2 Carex kobomugi Ohwi Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br Carex pumila Thunb. Ixeris repens (L.) A.Gray 191

4 1 ± Scheffe P< ± 1.89 a 1.82 ± 1.27 b 1.97 ± 1.55 b 2.35 ± 1.60 ab 2.17 ± 0.90 a 0.26 ± 0.51 b 0.24 ± 0.43 b 0.52 ± 0.68 b 1.01 ± 1.03 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.03 ± 0.18 b 1.76 ± 1.20 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 8.16 ± 2.27 a 2.08 ± 1.50 b 2.21 ± 1.74 b 2.90 ± 1.96 b ± a 3.41 ± 4.94 b 5.50 ± b 3.97 ± 3.73 b 7.53 ± 6.52 a 0.26 ± 0.51 b 0.29 ± 0.63 b 1.23 ± 2.00 b 2.09 ± 3.96 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.03 ± 0.18 b ± a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b ± a 3.67 ± 5.03 b 5.79 ± b 5.23 ± 4.25 b 1.07 ± 0.78 a 0.71 ± 0.64 a 0.60 ± 0.62 a 1.00 ± 0.79 a H 2.10 ± 0.68 a 0.86 ± 0.72 b 0.75 ± 0.64 b 1.18 ± 0.86 b cm ± a 5.21 ± 6.03 b 5.82 ± 3.98 b ± 8.58 b Leymus mollis (Trin. ex Spreng.) Pilg. Linaria japonica Miq. Ischaemum anthephoroides (Steud.) Miq. Carex fibrillosa Franch. et Sav. Zoysia macrostachya Franch. et Sav. 7 Lathyrus japonicus Willd. Glehnia littoralis F.Schmidt ex Miq. Salsola komarovii Iljin Oenothera laciniata Hill Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker Festuca arundinacea Schrebr Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. Rumex japonicus Houtt. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii (Nakai) H.Hara Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koele 植生と微地形の関係 195 m 295 m m 35 cm rs=-0.70 P< m m

5 2 P 5 χ 2 5 P Linaria japonica Carex kobomugi Calystegia soldanella Carex pumila Ixeris repens Leymus mollis Chenopodium acuminatum Ischaemum anthephoroides Carex fibrillosa Zoysia macrostachya Glehnia littoralis Lathyrus japonicus Salsola komarovii Festuca rubra L. var. rubra Oenothera laciniata Conyza canadensis Conyza sumatrensis Cakile edentula Festuca arundinacea Sicyos angulatus Oenothera biennis Solidago altissima Erechtites hieraciifolius Phytolacca americana Anthoxanthum odoratum Bidens frondosa Erigeron annuus Equisetum arvense Miscanthus sinensis Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii Digitaria ciliaris Sonchus oleraceus Digitaria violascens Youngia japonica Rumex japonicus Xanthium orientale Luzula capitata Liriope minor Commelina communis Lactuca indica Elymus tsukushiensis Honda var. transiens Chenopodium album Oxalis corniculata Petasites japonicus Lespedeza pilosa Ixeris japonica Cerasus jamasakura Pinus thunbergii Robinia pseudoacacia Paederia scandens Coriaria japonica Rosa luciae Parthenocissus tricuspidata Celastrus orbiculatus Broussonetia kazinoki Malus toringo Smilax china Carpinus laxiflora

6 4 4 海浜植物の再生状況 Ishizuka

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10 2009b Fujiwara K, Miyauchi D, Harada A (2012) An urgent survey of which coastal forests and species survived the Tohoku tsunami. Journal of Environmental Information Science 40(5): Hayasaka D, Shimada N, Konno H, Sudayama H, Kawanishi M, Uchida T, Goka K (2012) Floristic variation of beach vegetation caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in northern Tohoku, Japan. Ecological Engineering 44: (2013). ( ),. (2011).,. (2011). 13:16. Ishizuka K (1961) Ecological studies on the vegetation of coastal sand bars. An analysis of vegetation on a recently formed sand bar. The Annual Report of the Gakugei Faculty of the Iwate University 19: Ishizuka, K (1962) Ecological studies on the vegetation of coastal sand bars. Succession in vegetation and developmental processes of dunes. The Annual Report of the Gakugei Faculty of the Iwate University 20: (1993).,. (2002). 28: (1994).,. ( ) (1983).,. (1984).,. (2013). 24(2): (2009a) 5. 26:9-20. (2009b). 14: (2010). 35: (2013) (1979) 198

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