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10 Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. D., Waters, E., & Wall, S Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. situation. H On the relation between "fear of success motive" and "achievement-related motive and performance" in high school students. Waseda Psychological Reports, 15, ) Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In M. R. Gunnar, & L. A. Sroufe (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology : vol. 23. Self processes and development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp decharms, R Personal causation. New York: Academic Press. Deci, E. L Intrinsic motivation. New York: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, French, J. R. P., Jr., Rodgers, W., & Cobb, S Adjustment as person-environment fit. In G. V. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, & J. E. Adams (Eds.), Coping and adaptation. New York: Basic Books. Pp Harter, S Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. Human Development, 1, K., & Shimizu, N New locus of control scale: Its reliability and validity. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 30, ) Y., & Matsuda, F Relations among bullying, norm consciousness with regard to bullying, desire to bully, and bullied experience in junior high school students. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University, 48, ) Krahe, B Personality and social psychology: Towards a synthesis. London: Sage Kulka, R. A., Klingel, D. M., & Mann, D. W School crime and disruption as a function of student-school fit: An empirical assessment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9,

11 Motivational psychology in the context. Japanese Psychological Review, 46, 5-11.) Kurosawa, K Process interactionism, process analysis, and self process: An extension of Kurt Lewin's approach to personality psychology. Japanese Journal of Personality, 3, Lenerz, K., Kucher, J. S., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M Contextual demands for early adolescent behavioral style. Journal of Early Adolescence, 6, Lerner, J. V The role of temperament in psychosocial adaptation in early adolescents: A test of a "goodness of fit" model. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 143, Lerner, J. V The import of temperament for psychosocial functioning : Tests of a "goodness of fit" model. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, Lerner, J. V., Baker, N., & Lerner, R. M A person-context goodness of fit model of adjustment. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy: 4. New York: Academic Press. Pp Lerner, J. V., Lerner, R. M., & Zabski, S Temperament and elementary school children's actual and rated academic performance: A test of a "goodness-of-fit" model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, Lerner, R. M A "goodness of fit" model of person-context interaction. In D. Magnussen & V. Allen (Eds.), Human development: An interactional perspective. New York : Academic Press. Pp Achievement tendency and affiliative tendency. Bulletin of the College of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 24, ) H., & Murata, S Study of the perceived competence scale for adolescence. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 45, ) (Matsuoka, Y., & Aoyagi, H The attachment relationships in young adults: Related to the internal working model. Human Science Research, 7, ) Handa, Y Psychological studies on low achievers v: Effects of children's personality traits and feelings of adjustment on their changes of school performances. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Chiba University, 35, 1-11.) (Nemoto, K A theoretical research on classroom norms, structures and climates from the viewpoint of classroom uniqueness. Japanese Journal of Psychological Science, 11, 1-16.) (Okubo, T Goodness of fit (matching) of person-environment in adolescence: A review of motivation. Developmental Reports of Social Motivation, 1, )

12 2004 PAC (Personal Attitude Construct) analysis of subjective adjustment in university students. Japanese Journal of Personality, 13, ) internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. 2000a Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. 2000b The basic need satisfaction in life scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Factors contributing to subjective adjustment to school in adolescents. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, ) (Okubo, T., & Kurosawa, K A relational theory approach to social motivation. Japanese Psychological Review, 46, ) T., Naganuma, N., & Aoyagi, H The relationship between psychological need satisfaction and subjective adjustment in school environment. Human Science Research, 12, ) Pervin, L. A Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit. Psychological Bulletin, 69, Plomin, R., & Daniels, D The interaction between temperament and environment: Methodological considerations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, Reis, H. T Domains of experience: Investigating relationship processes from three perspectives. In R. Erber & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Theoretical frameworks for personal relationships. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. Pp Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, Rotter, J. B Generalized expectancies for Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, Skinner, E. A., Wellborn, J. G., & Connell, J. P What it takes to do well in school and whether I've got it : The role of perceived control in children's engagement and school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, (Umezaki, T Children in a sports context: Investigation of "social motivation". Japanese Psychological Review, 46, ) White, R. W Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory. New York: International Universities Press.

13 A Test of the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis in Adolescents and Young Adults: Psychological Needs and Subjective Adjustment in School Environments TOMOOKUBO (ADVANCED RESEARCH CENTER FOR HUMAN SCIENCES, WISEDA UNIVERSITY) AND HIROMICHI KATO (DEPARTMENT OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION, TOKOHA GAKUEN JUNIOR COLLEGE) JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 2005, 53, The purpose of the present study was to test the goodness of fit hypothesis that suggests that adjustment is better when personal attributes are matched with environmental demands than when they are not, and that discrepancies in person-environment interactions provide a better means of predicting behavior and adjustment than personal or environmental variables alone. Junior and senior high school students and university students (in Study 1, N=387, 444, and 390 students, respectively; in Study 2, N=249, 308, and 392 students, respectively) were administered a subjective adjustment scale, a psychological needs scale, and an environmental demands scale corresponding to the psychological needs. To assess person-environment fit, discrepancy scores were calculated by subtracting the environmental demands scale scores from the psychological needs scale scores. In order to test the goodness of fit hypothesis, t tests were performed with degree of fit (high and low discrepancy) as the independent variable, and scores on the subjective adjustment scale as the dependent variable. The results showed that the groups with low discrepancy had greater subjective adjustment than the high discrepancy groups. Correlations among the psychological needs scale scores, the environmental demands scale scores, the discrepancy scores, and the scores on the scale of subjective adjustment revealed that the discrepancy scores were more related to subjective adjustment than to psychological needs and environmental demands alone. Key Words; goodness of fit hypothesis, adjustment, psychological needs, environmental demands, adolescents and young adults

Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology

Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology 2015, Vol. 41, No. 1, 65 76 1 1 PAC * Motivational Factors, Valence, and Time Perspectives in Student Job Hunting: A Personal Attitude Construct Analysis of a Female