Cognitive Studies, 0(0), (May 1993) In this study, we investigated effects of having different perspectives in solving collaborative tasks. A si

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1 Cognitive Studies, 0(0), (May 1993) In this study, we investigated effects of having different perspectives in solving collaborative tasks. A simple reasoning task was given to several pairs of participants, each of whom discussed their views with their partner. Protocol analysis was performed to reveal how people exchange information with a partner who has a different perspective to achieve successful collaboration. In the experiment, we controlled participants perspectives, where the appearance of visual images was manipulated based on Gestalt psychological theory. Three conditions were set up: (1) the distributed-view condition, where one of two different perspectives was presented separately to each of the participants in a pair; (2) the dual-view condition, where two equivalent perspectives were presented together to both participants; and (3) the single-view condition, where only a single perspective was presented to both participants. The protocol analysis showed that the pairs in the distributed view condition who reached to solution engaged in the task with complementary interactive manners. On the other hand, the protocols of the pairs who could not reach solution showed that one of the participants shifted his/her perspective towards the opponents perspective. It is also argued that the problem solving in collaboration of pairs with different perspectives is performed through insight processes. Keywords: Collaboration() Social Interaction( ) Perspectives( ) Aha! Experience(Aha! ) 1. Two Heads are better than one The more the merrier A laboratory study on collaborative problem solving by taking different perspectives, by Yugo Hyashi and Kazuhisa Miwa(Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University) and Junya Morita(School of Knowlege Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ). (Hill, 1982; Shaw, 1932) (, 1999)

2 2 Cognitive Studies May Herbert Simon Allen Newell (Dasgupta, 2003) (1996) (1) (2) (3) Dunbar (1995) (Okada & Simon, 1997; Miyake, 1986) Shirouzu, Miyake, and Masukawa (2002) Miwa (2004) 2 (1) (2) 1.1.2

3 Vol. 0 No. 0 3 (1999) Hanson (1958) (Cole & Scribner, 1974) Keysar, Barr, Balin, and Brauner (2000) (Heider, 1958) (1980) Fact Data2 Data 2 Data Data Data Fact 2 Fact 2 Shirouzu et al. (2002) Miwa (2004)

4 4 Cognitive Studies May Data and Fact ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Warmth rating (Koffka, 1935)

5 Vol. 0 No. 0 5 条件分散視点条件 被験者 A 被験者 B Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987) Warmth rating 複数視点条件単一視点条件 :1:

6 6 Cognitive Studies May Introductory phase Conflict phase Introductory phase1 Conflict phase 2 1 Introductory phase Introductory phase Conflict phase Conflict phase ± : : : / /

7 Vol. 0 No (6/5) 0.50(3/3) 0(0/6) 0.45(10/12) 0.92(11/1) 0.92(11/1) (1) (2) (3) (4) [p <.05] [F (1, 13) = 1.224, n.s.] [F (1, 13) = 0.036, n.s.] / [F (1, 13) = 8.884, p <.05] / 観察事例数 規則発見群 規則未発見群 分散視点条件 複数視点条件 単一視点条件 条件 5

8 8 Cognitive Studies May Fact Data Data Data Unidentified 1) 46 4 Data A 3 B 5? A B A 被験者 A 被験者 B n 1 n 2 Bias 5 A n 1 n 2 Bias = n 1 n 2 n 1 + n 2 (1) Bias Bias 1 1 Bias 02 1)

9 Vol. 0 No A n 11 n 12 n 1. B n 21 n 22 n 2. n.1 n.2 N = 0(n 1. = 0, n 2. = 0, n.1 = 0, n.2 = 0 ) (2) Conflict phase 17 Bias 7 8 Bias Bias 1 = n11n22 n12n21 n1. n 2. n.1 n.2 (3) AB A B 1 0 Bias 規則発見者規則未発見者 分散視点条件 複数視点条件 単一視点条件 条件 Bias 規則発見群規則未発見群 Bias Bias 7 2) 2) Bias 2 φ 係数 分散視点条件 複数視点条件 単一視点条件 条件.

10 10 Cognitive Studies May Bias Bias Bias 2 Bias Bias Bias Bias 2 2 Bias [F (1, 30) = , p <.01] [F (1, 16) = 7.322, p <.05] [F (1, 14) = 18.21, p <.01] [F (1, 10) = , p <.01] [F (1, 20) = 0.069, n.s.] [F (1, 13) = 1.071, n.s.] [F (1, 13) = 4.931, p <.05] / [F (1, 13) = 5.313, p <.05] /

11 Vol. 0 No 値定 4 評 分散視点条件複数視点条件 発見 3 回前発見 2 回前発見 1 回前発見後評定時点 Warmth rating 4.3 Warmth rating Warmth rating 4 (1) (2)1 (3) 2 (4)3 (1) (1) (2) 9 Warmth rating [F (3, 48) = 7.93, p <.01] 1 [F (1, 16) = 4.51, p <.05] [F (1, 16) = 6.50, p <.05] Warmth ratingwarmth rating Warmth rating Warmth rating Introductory Phase Conflict Phase A B C D E

12 12 Cognitive Studies May Bias 8 A B A 6 B 6 B 4 A 2 B 7 A 5 B 7 B B 4 A 2 B B 4 A 4 A 4 B A A A A1 B1 D2 B2 20 A2 C1 A1 25 E2 A2 30 B1 35 D1 E1 E2 40 A1 A2 D1 B E2 B1D1 E1 E

13 Vol. 0 No Deutsch and Gerard (1955) 2 2 Conflict phase (Galantucci, 2005) 5.2 6,8,10,12 Okada and Simon (1997) Miyake (1986)

14 14 Cognitive Studies May Aha! (, 2003) Warmth rating Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987) Warmth rating Warmth rating Warmth rating 9Warmth rating Metcalfe 6. 2 (1) (2) 2 (a) (b)(c) (a) (b) (c)

15 Vol. 0 No (a) (c) Cole, M. & Scribner, (1974). Culture and thought : a psychological introduction. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Dasgupta, S. (2003). Multidisciplinary creativity: the case of Herbert A. Simon. Cognitive Science, 27 (5), Deutsch, M. & Gerard, B H. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influence on individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, Dunbar, K. (1995). How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. The nature of insight. MIT Press. (1999). 14. ( ), 14, Galantucci, B. (2005). An experimental study of the emergence of human communication systems. Cognitive science, 29, Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of discovery: an inquiry into the conceptual foundations of science. Cambridge University Press. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc. Hill, G. W. (1982). Group versus individual performance:are N+1 heads better than one?. Psychological Bulletin, 91 (3), (1999).., 40, Keysar,B., Barr,J.D., Balin,A.J., &Brauner,S.J. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11 (1), Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. Routledge and Kegan Paul. Metcalfe, J. & Wiebe, D. (1987). Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory & Cognition, 15 (3), Miwa, K. (2004). Collaborative discovery in a simple reasoning task. Cognitive System Research, 5 (1), (2003). - -., 18 (3), Miyake, N. (1986). Constructive interaction and the interactive process of understanding.cognitive Science, 10 (2), (1980)... Okada, T. & Simon, H. (1997). Collaborative discovery in a scientific domain. Cognitive Science, 21 (2), Shaw, M. E. (1932). Comparison of individuals and small groups in the rational solution of complex solutions. American Journal of Psychology, 44, Shirouzu, H., Miyake, N., & Masukawa, H. (2002). Cognitively active externalization for situated reflection. Cognitive Science, 26 (4), (1996). -., 3 (4), (Received ) (Accepted )

16 16 Cognitive Studies May 1993 ( ) Cognitive Science Society () 2006 Cognitive Science Society DesignSociety () Carnegie Mellon University, Dept. of Psychology, visiting assistant professor

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