山梨大学医科学雑誌23-2

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1 context bias executive function cognitive neuroscience Learning Disorders; LD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD ,2 3,4

2 22 1 feeling cognitive neuroscience 5 ADHD Barkley executive function ADHD 3,4 1 emotion motivation ADHD ADHD ADHD 6 7 5

3 23 non-verbal working memory setshort-term memory reset working memory temporal integration 2 8 ADHD 5 6 verbal working memory setshortterm memory reset set inattention distractibility impersistence reset perseveration

4 ADHD 12,13 egocentric context 14 mental self context-dependent reasoning context-independent reasoning 3 Cognitive bias task 1994 Goldberg lateralization cognitive bias task CBT cognitive novelty and cognitive routinization theory egocentric context

5 25 context-dependent reasoning 8 CBT SPECT activation study 6 17 CBT CBT representation 7 18 innateness 5 CBT Aihara M, et al, CBT (SPECT activation study) Shimoyama H, et al,

6 26 7 Aoyagi K, et al, LLF; left-sided lesions/epileptic foci, RLF; right-sided lesions/epileptic foci 1 event-related potential; ERP 19,20 sympathetic skin response; SSR 21,22 ERP SSR ERP SSR 12 1 Neuropack Hz 1 C 2 A 3 B 4 selfpaced key- pushing paradigm; S 10 1 ERP SSR somatosensory event-related potential; SERP Cz SSR Cz C3 C4 C3 C4 2 cm readiness potential; RP movement related cortical potential; MRCP B S SERP SSR 8 C A B habituation S A B S 9 A B S C4 A B RP S MRCP ERP A B SERP P S

7 27 8 SERP MRCP SSR Aihara M, et al, SERP; somatosensory event-related potential, MRCP; movement related cortical potential, SSR; sympathetic skin response MRCP P+300 A B S P250 P+300 SSR coupling SSR top down bottom up SSR 21 SSR SSR frontal lobe epilepsy; FLE FLE FLE benign partial epilepsy centrotemporal spikes; BECT SERP 0.3 Hz 32

8 msec P SERP P250 jitter control SERP P250 trigger SERP P A BECT 10 SERP 11 B Trigger SERP control SERP FLE FLE / AD/HD WCST 2 SSR 12 25,26 1 SSR 2 9 RP MRCP RP; readiness potential, MRCP; movement related cortical potential 10

9 29 11 SERP SERP trigge-serp A SERP trigge-serp B SERP; somatosensory event-related potential 12 SSR SSR / 28,29

10 30 13 SSR SSR a SSR b executive function context bias 2,5,20, Fuster JM ed: The prefrontal cortex. 3 rd ed, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia: , Barkley RA: Genetics of childhood disorders: XVII. ADHD, Part 1: The executive functions and ADHD. J Am Aca Child Adol Psychi, 39: , Barkley RA ADHD 24: , Adolphs R: Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci, 4: , : 10 14, Block RA, Zakay D: Models of psychological time revisited. In: Helfrich H ed. Time and Mind. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Seattle: , Plutchik R: Emotions: a general psychoevolutionary theory. In: Scherer K, Ekman P eds, Approaches to Emotion. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ: , : 39 44, Fuster JM ed: The Prefrontal Cortex, 3 rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia: , Goldberg E: The executive brain, frontal lobes and the civilized mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Strange BA: Anterior prefrontal cortex mediates rule learning in humans. Cereb Cortex, 11: , Goldberg E, Podell K: Cognitive bias, functional cortical geometry, and the frontal lobes: laterality, sex, and handedness. J Cognit Neurosci, 6: , Aihara M, Aoyagi K, Goldberg E, Nakazawa S: Age shifts frontal cortical control in a cognitive bias task from right to left: part I. neuropsychological study. Brain Dev, 25: , Shimoyama H, Aihara M, Fukuyama H, Hashikawa K, Goldberg E, et al: Context-dependent reasoning in a cognitive bias task; part II.

11 31 SPECT activation study. Brain Dev, 26: 37 42, Aoyagi K, Aihara M, Goldberg E, Nakazawa S: Lateralization of the frontal lobe functions elicited by a cognitive bias task is a fundamental process. Lesion study. Brain Dev, 27: , : 1 9, : , Aihara M, Sata Y, Osada M, Ozaki Y, Nakazawa S: The effects of higher cortical functions on SSR. In: Hashimoto I, Kakigi R, eds, Recent advances in human neurophysiology, Elsevier, Amsterdam: , Wilson 47: , I., 30: 30 37, : , : , /. 36: 49 54, : , : , Tanaka SC, Doya K, Okada G, Ueda K, Okamoto Y, et al: Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops. Nature Neurosci, 7: , 2004.

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