量子情報科学−情報科学の物理限界への挑戦- 2018

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1 1

2

3 i 1i i = 0i + 1i Û i P = h Û i 2 Û AB 0 i A i B 3

4 n = 1 e ~!/kbt 1 i Û i Û i i Û CNOT i i BB84 C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing (IEEE Press, New York, 1984), pp E91 A. K. Ekert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 661 (1991) Hoi-Kwong Lo and H. F. Chau, Science 283, 2050 (1999). P. W. Shor and J. Preskill, Phys.Rev.Lett. 85, 441,(2000). M. Koashi and J. Preskill Phys.Rev.Lett. 90, (2003). T. Yamamoto, J. Shimamura, S. K. Ozdemir, M. Koashi, and N. Imoto,Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, (2005). Y. Adachi, T. Yamamoto, M. Koashi, N. Imoto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007) T. Yamamoto, K. Hayashi, S. K. Ozdemir, M. Koashi, N. Imoto Nature Photonics 2, 488(2008). 4

5 Alice EPR/Bell Bob Bell ( ) ni H V H/V basis V H D D/D - D - basis D - D R L R/L basis L R spooky action at a distance A. Einstein, in Born-Einstein Letters ~Walker, New York,1971 Maximal knowledge of a total system does not necessarily include total knowledge of all its parts, not even when these are fully separated from each other and at the moment are not influencing each other at all. Erwin Schrödinger, i 0i 1i 1i 0i ( 0i 1i + 1i 0i)/ p 2 1i ( 0i 0i 0i 1i + 0i 0i 1i 0i + 0i 1i 0i 0i + 1i 0i 0i 0i)/2 H, V i 3H, 1V i ( Hi Hi Hi V i + Hi Hi V i Hi + Hi V i Hi Hi + V i Hi Hi Hi)/2 H, V i Hi Hi V i V i ( Hi V i + V i Hi)/ p 2 ( Hi Hi + V i V i)/ p 2 5

6 i = Hi + V i Alice ( Hi Hi + V i V i)/ p 2 Bob i = Hi + V i (±) =( Hi Hi ± V i V i)/ p 2 (±) =( Hi V i ± V i Hi)/ p 2 Û 0,1,2, nm Bell pair i = Hi + V i Alice Bob Û 0,1,2,3 i = Hi + V i ( Hi Hi + V i V i)/ p Bell pair 6

7 Û 0,1,2,3 1 V i V i + 2 V i Hi + 3 Hi V i + 4 Hi Hi 1 V i V i + 2 V i Hi + 3 Hi V i + 4 Hi Hi V i V i V i V i + Hi V i Hi V i + V i Hi V i Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi Û 0,1,2,3 7

8 ü ü ( $i $i + li li)/ p 2 ( $i $i + li li)/ p 2 ( %i %i + &i &i)/ p 2 8

9 9 ( $i $i + li li)/ p 2

10 ( Hi ui + V i di)/ p 2 Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics, N. Sangouard, C. Simon, H. de Riedmatten, N. Gisin, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 33 (2011) 10

11 si!cos( t) si sin( t) ci ci!sin( t) si + cos( t) ci 20 mm Temp. 50 ü ü nm 1 si!cos( t) si sin( t) ci ci!sin( t) si + cos( t) ci 11

12 ottle Dia. = 100 µm eck Dia. = 80 µm Length = 3 mm 1 n = e ~!/kbt 1 12

13 Cevayir COBAN 13

4 i

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