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1 FPTP proportional representation

2

3 minority representation cumulative vote limited vote 8 single transferable vote (STV) 9 Thomas Hare 1857 The Machinery of Representation 1859 A Treatise on the Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal quota 155

4 17 10 personal representation

5 Considerations on Representative Government ( ) Representative Reform Association(RRA)

6 The English Constitution ( )

7 RRA Proportional Representative Society (PRS) RRA 26 PRS 159

8 17 27 PRS PRS PRS PRS 33 PRS 3 160

9 PRS PRS PRS 35 PRS PRS PRS 36 PRS PRS PRS 6 161

10 PRS 162

11 PRS PRS

12 (FPTP) PRS PRS PRS PRS 164

13 PRS 5 47 Nineteenth Century Fortnightly Review The Times PRS PRS 1 2 PRS PRS PRS PRS

14 17 PRS 49 PRS 50 PRS

15 single- member plurality system first past the post(fptp)

16 17 J. Curtis, The Electoral System: Biased to Blair? in P. Norris (ed.), Britain Votes 2001, Oxford University Press, D. Watts, Towards a more responsive democracy: referendum or electoral reform? in L. Robins and B. Jones (eds.), Debates in British Politics Today, Manchester University Press, 2000,pp R. Self, The Evolution of the British Party System, , Longman, 2000, p V. Bogdanor, Conclusion: electoral systems and party systems in V. Bogdanor and D. Butler (eds.), Democracy and Elections: Electoral Systems and their Political Consequences, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p J. Hart, Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System, , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992, pp Hart, pp V. Bogdanor, The People and the Party System, the Referendum and Electoral Reform in British Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1981, p Hart, p Bogdanor, People, p J. S. Mill, Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform,1859, in M. Robson (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, XIX, University of Toronto Press, 1977, pp CW 15 J. S. Mill, Recent Writers on Reform, 1859, in CW, XIX, pp

17 J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, in CW, XIX, pp Bogdanor, People, p Hart, p Ibid., p A. M. Carstairs, A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe, George Allen & Unwin, 1980, p W. Bagehot, The English Constitution, London, Fontana Classics of History and Thought 23 Bogdanor, People, p Hart, p John Lubbock, Henry Fawcett, Leonard Henry Courtney, Albert Henry George Grey, T. R. Bromund, United the Whole People: Proportional Representation in Great Britain, , Reconsidered, Historical Research, 74, 183, 2001, pp

18 17 29 Hart, p G. P. Gooch, Life of Lord Courtney, London,1920, p.195, cited in W. A. Hayes, The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act, Garland Publishing, 1982, p Chamberlain to Lubbock, 14 Oct. 1884, quoted in Hart, p Bromund, p Hart, p Ibid., p Hayes, p Hart, p P. Marsh, The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury s Domestic Statecraft, , The Harvester Press, Sussex, 1978, p Hart, p PRS C.L. 40 Bogdanor. People, p Hart, p = 43 Bogdanor, People, p Hart., p Hart, p Ibid., p

19 Ibid., p Ibid., p Hayes, p Hart, p.101, Bogdanor, People, p J. Curtice, The British Electoral System: Fixture without Foundation, in D. Kavanagh (ed.), Electoral Reform, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992, p

20

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