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1 AD

2 TDC EHMIX RF LO LO RF LO ADC TDC EHMIX ADC EHMIX ADC EHMIX ADC ADC TDC ADC i

3 4.3.1 ADC [1] ADC ii

4 1 1.1 ( ) (AD ) AD ADC(Analog-to-Digital Converter) ADC ADC ADC 1

5 2 ADC ADC [1] ADC ADC (EHMIX) EHMIX EHMIX [2] (TDC) [1][3][4] TDC TDC EHMIX ADC ADC ADC EHMIX - ADC 2

6 1.2 2 (TDC) TDC TDC 3 (EHMIX) EHMIX 4 EHMIX TDC ADC ADC 5 ADC 6 3

7 2 2.1 TDC (Time-to-Digital Converter) TDC TDC TDC CMOS [3] All-Digital-PLL (ADPLL) TDC ADC [1][4] TDC TDC TDC TDC [5][6] 2.2 TDC 4

8 2.2 TDC TDC Start Stop Start Start Stop τ 3τ D τ TDC TDC Start Start A a Start b τ 2τ a b D Stop Stop Start B Stop 5

9 D Stop D0,D1,D2 High D3 Low TDC Start Stop (τ) τ

10 2.2.2 TDC τ 2.2.3(a) (b) τ τ ( ) D 2τ 3τ D0 D1 High D3 Low b 2 D0 D1 High D2 D3 Low TDC

11 3 3.1 even-harmonic mixer) ( EHMIX [2]) EHMIX EHMIX EHMIX LPF EHMIX EHMIX (RF) 1/2 (LO) RF LPF EHMIX EHMIX 8

12 LO f RF 2 f LO RF LO LO ( ) RF EHMIX PWM RF RF LO LO TDC AD EHMIX 9

13 EHMIX PWM EHMIX LPF 1 ( ) EHMIX EHMIX EHMIX 10

14 3.2 EHMIX EHMIX 2 GHz 2 GHz RF Mathematica EHMIX LO RF LO α RF β β/α 1dB (P 1dB ) 3 (IP3) P 1dB (IIP3) P 1dB 3 (IIP3) EHMIX GHz RF P 1dB 40 ps TDC 10 ps 4 2-bit TDC RF EHMIX LO 11

15 f LO f LO

16 RF EHMIX RF EHMIX (a) (b) RF LO RF LO (b-2) RF LO RF EHMIX RF RF LO LO a t1 RF EHMIX RF RF b t2 RF RF EHMIX t2 = 2 t1 RF 13

17 EHMIX RF EHMIX 14

18 3.3.2 LO EHMIX RF RF 1/2 LO RF f RF LO f LO (3.3.1) f LO = 1 2 f RF (3.3.1) EHMIX LO RF 1/2 RF 1/4 1/6 1/8 RF 1/ EHMIX RF 2 Hz LO 1 2 f RF 1 4 f RF 1 6 f RF 1 8 f RF LO ( LO 1 RF 0.3) f RF 1 4 f RF 1 6 f RF 1 8 f RF 15

19 LO EHMIX 16

20 f RF = 2 GHz β/α = 0.3 LO Mathematica LO EHMIX LO [ps] 1 2 f RF f RF f RF f RF f RF LO EHMIX LO

21 3.3.3 LO LO LO EHMIX EHMIX LO 1 2 f RF 1 4 f RF EHMIX RF LO RF RF LO LO EHMIX 18

22 3.3.4 (a) f LO = 1 2 f RF RF 0.5 (a-1) 2 RF 1 (a-2) 2 RF 1.5 (a-3) (a-1)(a-2) ( ) 4 LO (b) f LO = 1 4 f RF RF 0.5 b-1 (a-1) 2 RF 1 (b-2) (a-2) 2 ( ) 4 RF 1.5 (b-3) 19

23 3.3.4 f LO 2 f LO Mathematica f LO LO 1 RF RF LO 1 ( ) ( 1 2 )RF f LO 1 2 f RF 1 4 f RF 1 6 f RF 1 8 f RF 1 10 f RF LO LO [β/α] 1 2 f RF f RF f RF f RF f RF LO 20

24 3.3.2 f LO f LO EHMIX f LO 21

25 3.3.4 RF LO RF 2 GHz LO EHMIX RF LO LO t LO t EHMIX t 22

26 4 ADC 4.1 TDC EHMIX ADC TDC EHMIX ADC ADC RF EHMIX RF 2 TDC RF EHMIX EHMIX EHMIX TDC TDC Start EHMIX Stop EHMIX ADC 2 23

27 Encoder EHMIX TDC TDC EHMIX ADC ADC EHMIX EHMIX ADC TDC f LO TDC 24

28 4.2 EHMIX ADC EHMIX ADC EHMIX ADC EHMIX ADC EHMIX RF LPF LPF ADC ADC ADC EHMIX ADC ADC LPF LPF LPF EHMIX 25

29 EHMIX LPF LPF TDC τ EHMIX LPF LPF EHMIX TDC LPF 26

30 4.3 TDC ADC TDC ADC TDC ADC ADC[1] ADC [1] AD A in V ref CLK T T/H V ref (t) A ref T V ref (t) 0 (V ref ) (V hold ) (t1 t2 t3 ) TDC A ref f t n (4.3.1) ( V ref (t n ) = A ref cos 2π t ) n T (4.3.1) A in (t) V ref (t) ( T ) TDC nt t < (n + 1)T ( A ref cos 2π t ) n = A in (t) (4.3.2) T ( ) Ain (t) t n = Tarccos A ref (4.3.3) t n TDC T out (n) AD D out (n) 27

31 ( D out (n) = A ref cos 2π T ) out(n) T (4.3.4) ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC EHMIX TDC AD AD ADC 28

32 5 5.1 EHMIX TDC ADC LTspice EHMIX TDC 1 10 ps LTspice RF LO RF LO RF 2 GHz 0.15 LO 1 GHz 1 29

33 5.1.1 LTspice ADC LTspice ADC EHMIX 30

34 5.1.3 LTspice ADC TDC LTspice ADC 31

35 5.1.5 LTspice ADC 32

36 ps TDC ps ADC LTspice 33

37 RF TDC RF 2 GHz f LO = 1 2 f RF P1dB 80 ps TDC 1 10 ps 8 3 TDC EHMIX 4.1 ADC ADC TDC 34

38 6 ADC ADC ADC - EHMIX TDC TDC EHMIX EHMIX - LO ADC EHMIX ADC TDC ADC ADC EHMIX ADC TDC ADC ADC ADC ADC 35

39 36

40 M2 37

41 [1] AD ECT ( ) [2] 2001 [3] Stephan Henzler Siegmar Koeppe Winfried Kamp Hans Mulatz Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel 90nm 4.7 ps-resolution 0.7-LSB Single-Shot Precision and 19 pj-per-shot Local Passive Interpolation Time-to-Digital Converter with On-Chip Characterization Proc. Symp.VLSI Circuits,pp ,Jun.2007 [4] Robert Bogdan Staszewski Poras T. Balsara PLL CQ [5] ECT ( ) [6] ECT (2011) [7] Behzad Razavi RF

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untitled 1 CMOS 0.35um CMOS, 3V CMOS 2 RF CMOS RF CMOS RF CMOS RFCMOS (ADC Fabless 3 RF CMOS 1990 Abidi (UCLA): Fabless RF CMOS CMOS 90% 4 5 f T [GHz] 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 Technology loadmap L[nm] f T [GHz]