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1 B

2 ) ( ) π 0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV HI Emissivity (3rd quadrant) -3-4 Abdo et al. 009 (6 months, P6V3_DIFFUSE) Local arm interarm Perseus arm and beyond Emissivity (MeV E Energy (MeV) 5 1:

3 π Fermi LAT (Maximum likelihood) (The Third Galactic Quadrant)

4 [1] [] π π o Fermi [5] LAT [6] [6] Front Back [7] Front Back [7] Fermi [11] Fermi Local arm H I (cm ) Local arm W WCO (K km s 1 ) E(B V ) res (mag) TS=00 3 ( ) TS=400 5 ( ) q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) q DG ( ) q IC ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q HI,1 q HI, GeV E 18.1 GeV q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( )

5 4.14 ( ) MeV - GeV GeV

6 GeV 0 GeV 0 GeV- 0 TeV H.E.S.S.(High Energy Stereoscopic System) 50 GeV- 30 TeV MAGIC(Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescope) 0 GeV 1960 OSO SAS- COS-B 1990 CGRO EGRET 008 Fermi LAT Fermi LAT EGRET Fermi 1. v - N(v) e mv kt m k T 4

7 π 0 5

8 V.F ev 3 knee 18.5 ev ankle 15 ev knee 15 ev knee 19 ev 19 ev ankle 6

9 .1: [1] (.3 ).1. ρ cr 1 evcm 3 7

10 .: [] 8

11 E cr V cm 3 E cr = ρ cr V erg (.1) τ 7 (= s) E cr τ 41 erg s 1 (.) 51 erg 30 4 erg s 1 41 erg s 1 (.) [3]. H I 1 1 1/ 1 cm H I CO (.6 mm ) CMB(Cosmic Microwave Background radiation) 9

12 K CMB π 0 π π π s (.3).3: π 0 π MeV 70 MeV

13 ( ) Eγ = p γ c ( 1 1 β π ) ( ) 1 β mπ c π β π 1 m π c π 0 E γ p γ E γ = p γ c m π c 1 β π E γ m πc 1 + β π (.4) 1 + β π 1 β π (.3) m π π β π π 70 MeV.6 π 0 1 GeV.3. (.4) [4].4: 1 E ( ) de = 4NZ r dt eαcḡ (.5) bremss 11

14 N Z r e α r e.8 15 m α 1/137 ḡ ḡ 1 E N(ϵ) N(ϵ)dϵ = AN dϵ ϵ (ϵ E e) (.6) ϵ A A 1 m 3 s 1 N e (E) = κe p I bremss (ϵ) = ϵ AN ϵ κe p de = ANκ p 1 ϵ p (.7).6 π 0 ( ).3.3 (.5) U rad [4].5: ( ) de = 4 dt IC 3 σ T cγ U rad (.8) 1

15 σ T c γ E e = m e c γ(m e ) E e K = 4 3 hν 0γ ν 0 ( ) ( ) hν0 Ee K 0.5 GeV (.9) 1 ev GeV GeV 1 ev 500 MeV E e E e + de e dn e Ee p de e 1 E e E p e de e (.) K E e K E e E e K 1/, de e K 1/ dk (.11) (.) K p 1 dk (.1) I IC (K) K p+1 dk (.13) p p+1 GeV 3 π 0.6 [3] 13

16 .6: π o Fermi [5] 14

17 3 Fermi Fermi Fermi LAT(Large Area Telescope) GBM(Gamma-ray Burst Monitor) LAT 1990 EGRET EGRET 3.1 LAT Fermi LAT LAT (TKR) (CAL) ACD(Anti-coincidence Detector) (3.1) LAT 3.1: LAT [6]

18 1 (Front) (0.095 mm) 4 (Back) (0.7 mm) (3.) 3.: [6] CsI (3.1) 16

19 ACD ACD LAT 3 LAT (3.3) LAT MeV 300 GeV 1 GeV EGRET 1500 cm 4 1 GeV LAT (3.4) LAT 1 GeV 1 deg Fermi 1 GeV MeV deg Front( ) 3.3: Front Back [7] 17

20 3.4: Front Back [7] 3. Fermi 6 5 Fermi raw data FITS(Flexible Image Transport System) Fermi FITS FT1 FT 3.1 FT FT1 3. Fermi FT Transient class 18

21 ENERGY MeV RA degrees DEC degrees L degrees B degrees THETA degrees LAT PHI degrees LAT ZENITH ANGLE degrees EARTH AZIMUTH ANGLE degrees TIME seconds EVENT ID - RUN ID - LAT ID RECON VERSION - CALIB VERSION - EVENT CLASS 1-4 CONVERSION TYPE 0 or 1 Front=0,Back=1 LIVETIME seconds LAT livetime DIFRSP0 - P7SOURCE DIFRSP1 - P7SOURCE DIFRSP - P7CLEAN DIFRSP3 - P7CLEAN 3.1: FT1 [8] 19

22 Source class 3 Clean class 4 Ultraclean class Clean class Zenith Angle Zenith Angle Fermi Zenith Angle 0 [9] Rocking Angle Fermi Rocking Angle 50 Rocking Angle Rocking Angle 5 008/8/4-01/8/4 (MET : ) 50 MeV - 0 GeV Source Class Clean Class 3 Zenith Angle < 0 [deg] Rocking Angle < 5 [deg] P7CLEAN V6 Science Tools ST : 3.3 (Maximum likelihood) L x 1, x,, x n (n ) θ f(x θ) n L(θ x 1, x,, x n ) = f(x 1 θ)f(x θ)f(x 3 θ) f(x n θ) = f(x i θ) i=1 0

23 [] L L dl dθ = 0 L θ logl(θ x 1, x,, x n ) = θ n logf(x i θ) TS(Test Statistic) ( ) TS TS = (logl logl 0 ) L L 0 n TS n χ χ n 1 χ n 1 TSσ i=1 1

24 第 4 章 銀河面放射 (The Third Galactic Quadrant) の解析 Fermi 衛星のデータ解析を行う際に Fermi 衛星用解析ツール Science Tools を用いた こ れは Fermi チームによって開発された イベントセレクションから最尤法を用いたモデルフィッ ティングまでの一連の解析を行うことができる解析ソフトである 本研究の解析に用いた Science Tools のバージョンは ST レスポンスは P7CLEAN V6 である 効率的に解析を行うた めに python や C-shell などのスクリプト言語を駆使して Science Tools を動かした 4.1 解析する領域 図 4.1 に Fermi 衛星で観測した全天マップを示す 黄色の枠で囲んだ領域が今回解析した領 域である 具体的には銀経 l 50 銀緯 15 b 0 である 図 4.1: Fermi 衛星の観測による全天ガンマ線マップ [11] この領域は The third Galactic quadrant と呼ばれる領域の一部である これは天の川銀河を 90 ずつの 4 つの象限 に区切ったものの 3 象限目 (180 l 70 ) に位置することを意味す る この領域には Local arm という太陽系が属する渦状腕と Perseus arm というペルセウス座の 近くに位置する渦状腕があり また本研究ではその間にある星間ガスの少ない領域のことを inter

25 arm ( 4. ) 4. 1 cm H I 0 18 [1].7 Fermi (0 MeV ) 4.: Fermi 4.1 ( l, -6 b -15 ) Orion-Monoceros ( 0 ) ( ) 3

26 4.3: Fermi 4..1 H I 1 cm [13] 1 cm T s T s = 50 K CO.6 mm W CO (K km s 1 ) E(B V ) res CO E(B V ) ( ) N(H I ) W CO E(B V ) res N(H I ) W CO

27 4.4: Local arm H I (cm ) 4.5: Local arm W WCO (K km s 1 ) 5

28 4.6: E(B V ) res (mag) Galprop Fermi 4.3 NASA [14] I γ (l, b)(s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 ) I γ = q HI,1 N(H I,1 ) + q HI, N(H I, ) + q HI,3 4 N(H I,3 4 ) + q CO,1 W CO,1 + q CO, W CO, + q CO,3 W CO,3 + q EBV E(B V ) res + q IC I IC + I SO + j P S j (4.1) q HI,i (s 1 sr 1 MeV 1 ) q CO,j (s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 (K km s 1 ) 1 ) q EBV (s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 mag 1 ) 1 W CO E(B V ) res I SO (s 1 cm 1 sr 1 MeV 1 ) 6

29 PS N(H I,1 ) N(H I,3 4 ) W CO,1 W CO,3 H I CO 1 Local arm inter arm Perseus arm TS=00 3 TS=400 5 ( 4.7 ) 1 GeV TS=00 (4 ) TS=0 (7 ) TS=00 TS=0 q HI q EBV q IC : TS=00 3 ( ) TS=400 5 ( ) 7

30 -1 s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV E ) ) HI Emissivity Local arm -3-4 TS00 TS0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV -5 Emissivity (MeV E ) HI Emissivity Interarm -3-4 TS00 TS Energy (MeV) Energy (MeV) 4-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV ) HI Emissivity Perseus arm -3-4 TS00 TS0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV -5 Emissivity (MeV ) Dark gas Emissivity - TS00 TS0-3 E E Energy (MeV) 4 3 Energy (MeV) 4-1 E s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV IC normalization TS00 TS Energy (MeV) 4 4.8: q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) q DG ( ) q IC ( ) q HI,1 q HI, q HI,3 q DG q IC TS Front 300 MeV TS=0 19 8

31 4.9- ( ) σ = 1 TS=0 Count Map Count Map Galactic Latitude [deg] Galactic Latitude [deg] Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] 0 4.9: ( ) ( ) Residual: (data-model)/ model 0 3 Residual: (data-model)/ model 900 Galactic Latitude [deg] Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] : ( ) ( ) π 0 9

32 1 GeV 0 GeV 4.11 q HI,1 q HI, GeV E 18.1 GeV ) -1 s -1 sr -1 MeV HI Emissivity (3rd quadrant) -3-4 Abdo et al. 009 (6 months, P6V3_DIFFUSE) Local arm interarm Perseus arm and beyond Emissivity (MeV -5 E Energy (MeV) : q HI,1 q HI,3 4 30

33 Local arm χ / ndf 6.56 / 7-3 p0 1.6e- ± 6.436e-3 p ± inter arm χ / ndf / 6-3 p0 4.73e- ±.117e- p ± ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 Emissivity (MeV E -5 Emissivity (MeV E Energy (MeV) Perseus arm χ / ndf / 6-3 p e- ±.819e- p ± Energy (MeV) ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 Emissivity (MeV E Energy (MeV) 4.1: 1.6 GeV E 18.1 GeV q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) E 4.1 Local arm inter arm Perseus arm ( 4.13) 50 K T S q HI,1 q HI, q HI, ± ± ± : 31

34 4.13: p p MeV - GeV - 0 GeV ( 4.15,16) 1.86±0.0(50 MeV - GeV).70±0.11( - 0 GeV) p + 1 = 1.86 ± 0.0 p =.7 ± 0.04 (4.) p + 1 =.70 ± 0.11 p = 4.40 ± 0. (4.3)

35 - -1 sr -1 MeV ) s -1 cm - -3 Flux (MeV E -4-5 data HI Isotropic isotrop_1year_p76r_clean_v0.txt E(B-V) res H (traced by W ) CO IC (free) PS 3 Energy (MeV) : ( ) IC χ / ndf 7.7 / 8 p ± 3.931e-05 p ± ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1 Emissivity (MeV E Energy (MeV) : 50 MeV - GeV 50 MeV- GeV 1.86 ± ± GeV.70 ± ± 0. 4.: 33

36 IC χ / ndf / 5 p ± p ± ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1 Emissivity (MeV E Energy (MeV) : - 0 GeV 34

37 5 Fermi π 0 1 GeV 1 GeV 00 MeV Front 35

38 [1] III 008 [] S.P.Swordy. 001, The Energy Spectra and Anisotropies of Cosmic Rays, SpaceScienceRev. 99,85 [3] 004 [4] M.S.Longair. 1990, HighEnergyAstropysics, [5] A.A.Abdo et al. 009, Fermi Large Area Telescope Measurements of the Diffuse Gamma- Ray Emission at Intermediate Galactic Latitudes, P hrvl 3, 11 [6] W.B.Atwood et al. 009, The Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gammma-ray Space Telescope Mission, ApJ 697, 71 [7] Fermi LAT Peromance Performance.htm [8] LAT Data Files Cicerone/Cicerone_Data/LAT_Data_Columns.html#PhotonFile [9] 008 γ γ [] W.R.Leo., T echniquesf orn uclearandp articlep hysicsexperiment [11] Fermi two-year all-sky map gamma-ray-ce\nsus.html [1] M.Ackermann et al. 011, CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADI- ENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM F ERMI γ -RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT, ApJ

39 [13] P.M.W.Kalberla. 005, The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn(LAB) Survey of Galactic HI maketitlefinal data release of thecombined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections, A&A 440,775 [14] BackgroundModels.html 37

6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2

6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2 1 6 6.1 (??) (P = ρ rad /3) ρ rad T 4 d(ρv ) + PdV = 0 (6.1) dρ rad ρ rad + 4 da a = 0 (6.2) dt T + da a = 0 T 1 a (6.3) ( ) n ρ m = n (m + 12 ) m v2 = n (m + 32 ) T, P = nt (6.4) (6.1) d [(nm + 32 ] )a

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