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1 a) TRMM Precipitation Radar and Its Observation Results Ken ichi OKAMOTO a) and Shoichi SHIGE TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TRMM PR TRMM TRMM TRMM TRMM TRMM GPM Global Precipitation Measurement 2 DPR NOAA Faculty of Environmental and Information Studies, Tottori University of Environmental Studies, Wakabadai-kita, Tottori-shi, Japan Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1 1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Japan a) kokamoto@kankyo-u.ac.jp TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TRMM 2. TRMM 2/3 B Vol. J91 B No. 7 pp c

2 2008/7 Vol. J91 B No. 7 TRMM [1] TRMM [2], [3] TRMM 350 km km ± % 35 TRMM TRMM 1 TRMM TMI TRMM Microwave Imager VIRS Visible Infrared Scanner PR Precipitation Radar TMI DMSP SSM/I GHz GHz km 6 50 km VIRS μm km 2km PR PR TRMM CERES Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System LIS Lightning Imaging Sensor CERES LIS TRMM CERES 3. TRMM 1 TRMM Fig. 1 TRMM satellite TRMM TRMM 1985 NASA G. North T. Wilheit O. Thiele NASA TRMM

3 1 TRMM Table 1 Mission requirement for the TRMM precipitation radar. SSLG 12 SSLG Feasibility Study Feasibility Study NASA [4], [5] GHz GHz 13.8 GHz 1 4km H-II 3m 13.8 GHz 4km 7.3 km/ 0.6 ±17 PR [6] 60 db 2.1 m 3m TWTA Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier LNA Low Noise Amplifier 5 TWTA TWTA EMC SSPA Solid State Power Amplifier LNA 725

4 2008/7 Vol. J91 B No. 7 PR 128 GaAs FET SSPA 5dB 5 PIN PHS SSPA LNA 3. 2 TRMM PR Feasibility Study SSPA LNA PHS Critical Components 1/16 BreadBoardModel BBM BBM Engineering Model Proto Flight Model PR 2 [7], [8] PR 13.8 GHz PHS 215 km ± ± SSPA LNA PHS m 2.1 m 700 W 350 km 0.5 mm/h 4.3 km 250 m 3 [7], [8] ±17 15 km 250 m 0 5km 2 Table 2 TRMM Main system parameters of PR. 3 Table 3 Summary of radar data collection parameters in four observation modes. 250 m 125 m PR GHz GHz 6MHz 1.67 μs

5 2 Fig. 2 TRMM Block diagram of the PR db TRMM 64 2 PR IF FCIF RF 1 DIV/COMB DIV/COMB PHS 2 FCIF SCDP 4. TRMM PR TRMM PR [9] Level Level 1 2 Level 1 Level 2 NRCS 3 TRMM Fig. 3 TRMM PR algorithm flow. 4 TRMM Table 4 TRMM standard PR algorithms GHz Level 3 Level PR 4 1B21 727

6 2008/7 Vol. J91 B No C21 Z m 2A21 PIA 2A21 PIA 2A25 SRT NRCS PIA [10] 2A23 Z [11] 2A25 Z e Z e Z-R R [12] [14] r Z m k ( r ) Z m(r) =Z(r)exp 0.2ln10 k(s) ds (1) Z 2A25 Z k Z k = εαz β (2) Z = Z e (2) (1) Z e Z e(r)= ( 1 0.2εβ ln 10 Z m(r) r 0 α(s)z m(s) β ds 0 ) 1/β (3) ε =1 Hitschfeld-Bordan [15] 0 2A25 Surface Reference Technique PIA r s ( rs ) PIA =exp 0.2ln10 k(s) ds (4) ( rs ) 1/β Z m(r s) Z = 1 0.2εβ ln 10 α(s)z m(s) β ds e(r s) 0 0 (5) ε ε (3) r Z e r s PIA Hitschfeld-Bordan 2A25 (4) (5) ε ε 0 ε =(1 w)+wε 0 (6) ε Z e Z-R 3A25 1C21 2A21 2A23 2A A26 728

7 5 5 3A25 [16] 5. TRMM TRMM PR PR 4 2A TRMM 2km TRMM VIRS 215 km km 5.8 km 30 mm/h 13 km 1998 PR JAXA/EORC TRMM Home Page DB/ index j.shtml + TRMM [17] PR Tao PR 4 TRMM JAXA/ NICT/NASA JAXA 2km Fig. 4 An example of the three dimensional observation of the typhoon by TRMM PR on 30 August Joint project by JAXA/NICT/NASA (Provided by JAXA). Left image: Horizontal distribution of rain rate at the altitude of 2 km. Right image: Vertical distribution of rain rate in the vertical plane including the eye of typhoon. 729

8 2008/7 Vol. J91 B No. 7 Convective-Stratiform Heating CSH [18] Shige Takayabu PR [19] PR Spectral Latent Heating SLH [20] CSH SLH PR [21] SLH [22] TRMM PR [23] [24] [25] TRMM PR TMI VIRS LIS CERES PR Takayabu PR LIS Rain-yeild flash RPF [26] 6. GPM GPM Global Precipitation Measurement [27] 2013 GPM TRMM GPM 2 DPR GMI GMI NOAA FY-3 3 Megha-Tropiques GCOM-W GPM 407 km GPM DPR DPR GPM DPR TRMM PR TRMM PR Ku 13.6 GHz KuPR Ka 35.5 GHz 730

9 5 GPM 2 Table 5 Main system parameters of GPM DPR. KaPR KaPR KuPR DPR 5 7. TRMM TRMM TWTA TRMM GPM DPR TRMM TRMM PR GHz 95 GHz [28] Aqua AMSR-E [29] TRMM TMI PR TMI 760 km PR 215 km PR [30], [31] TRMM ±17 TRMM 90 TRMM RMS TRMM 0.5 mm/h 731

10 2008/7 Vol. J91 B No GPM PRF TRMM GPM TRMM Version % PR 1 10 Version 7 GPM DPR 2 [32] [1] J. Simpson, ed., Report of the science steering group for a tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM), NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 94p., [2] TRMM vol.18, no.5, pp.13 27, Dec [3] SANE , Dec [4] K. Okamoto, ed., A feasibility study of rain radar for the tropical rainfall measuring mission, J. Commun. Res. Lab., vol.35, no.145, pp , July [5] K. Nakamura, K. Okamoto, T. Ihara, J. Awaka, and T. Kozu, Conceptual design of rain radar for the tropical rainfall measuring mission, Int. J. Satellite Communications, vol.8, no.3. pp , May [6] Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TRMM vol.41, no.7, pp , July [7] TRMM vol.18, no.5, pp.28 39, Dec [8] T. Kozu, T. Kawanishi, H. Kuroiwa, M. Kojima, K. Oikawa, H. Kumagai, K. Okamoto, M. Okumura, H. Nakatsuka, and K. Nishikawa, Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol.39, no.1, pp , Jan [9] R. Meneghini TRMM vol.18, no.5, pp.40 51, Dec [10] R. Meneghini, T. Iguchi, T. Kozu, L. Liao, K. Okamoto, J.A. Jones, and J. Kwiatkowski, Use of the surface reference technique for path attenuation estimates from the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Appl. Meteor., vol.39, no.12, pp , Dec [11] J. Awaka, T. Iguchi, and K. Okamoto, Rain type classification algorithm, in Measuring Precipitation from Space EURAINSAT and the Future, ed. V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F.J. Turk, pp , Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, [12] T. Iguchi, T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Appl. Meteor., vol.39, no.12, pp , Dec [13] T. Iguchi and R. Meneghini, Intercomparison of single-frequency methods for retrieving a vertical rain profile from airborne or spaceborne radar data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., vol.11, no.6, pp , Dec [14] R. Meneghini vol.31, no.6, pp , [15] W. Hitchfeld and J. Bordan, Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths, J. Merteor., vol.11, pp.58 67, [16] R. Meneghini, J.A. Jones, T. Iguchi, K. Okamoto, and J. Kwiatkowski, Statistical methods of estimating average rainfall over large space-timescales using data from the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Appl. Meteor., vol.40, no.3, pp , March [17] J. Simpson, C. Kummerow, W.-K. Tao, and R.F. Adler, On the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Meteor. Atmos. Phys., vol.60, no.1, pp.19 36, [18] W.K. Tao, S. Lang, J. Simpson, and R. Adler, Retrieval algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of latent heat release: Their applications for TRMM, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, vol.71, no.6, pp , [19] Y.N. Takayabu, Spectral representation of rain features and diurnal variations observed with TRMM PR over the equatorial area, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.29, doi: /2001gl014113, [20] S. Shige, Y.N. Takayabu, W.-K. Tao, and D.E. 732

11 Johnson, Spectral retrieval of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part I: Development of a model-based algorithm, J. Appl. Meteor., vol.43, no.8, pp , Aug [21] S. Shige, Y.N. Takayabu, W.-K. Tao, and C.-L. Shie, Spectral retrieval of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part II: Algorithm improvement and heating estimates over tropical ocean regions, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., vol.46, no.7, pp , July [22] S. Shige, Y.N. Takayabu, and W.-K. Tao, Spectral retrieval of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part III: Estimating apparent moisture sink profiles over tropical oceans, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., vol.47, no.2, pp , Feb [23] GPM [24] C. Schumacher and R.A. Houze, Jr., Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Climate, vol.16, no.11, pp , June [25] M. Hirose and K. Nakamura, Spatial and seasonal variation of rain profiles over Asia observed by spaceborne precipitation radar, J. Clim., vol.15, no.23, pp , Dec [26] Y.N. Takayabu, Rain-yield per flash calculated from TRMM PR and LIS data and its relationship to the contribution of tall convective rain, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.33, L18705, doi: /2006gl027531, [27] E.A. Smith, G. Asrar, Y. Furuhama, A. Ginati, A. Mugnai, K. Nakamura, R.F. Adler, M.-D. Chou, M. Desbois, J.F. Durning, J.K. Entin, F. Einaudi, R.R. Ferraro, R. Guzzi, P.R. Houser, P.H. Hwang, T. Iguchi, P. Joe, R. Kakar, J.A. Kaye, M. Kojima, C. Kummerow, K.-S. Kuo, D.P. Lettenmaier, V. Levizzani, N. Lu, A.V. Mehta, C. Morales, P. Morel, T. Nakazawa, S.P. Neeck, K. Okamoto, R. Oki, G. Raju, J.M. Shepherd, J. Simpson, B.-J. Sohn, E.F. Stocker, W.-K. Tao, J. Testud, G.J. Tripoli, E.F. Wood, S. Yang, and W. Zhang, International global precipitation measurement (GPM) program andmission: Anoverview, inmeasuringprecipitation from Space EURAINSAT and the Future, ed. V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F.J. Turk, pp , Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, [28] Y. Rahmat-Sami, J. Huang, B. Lopez, M. Lou, E. Im, S. Durden, and K. Bahadori, Advanced precipitation radar antenna: Array-fed offset membrane cylindrical reflector antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.53, no.8, pp , Aug [29] 44 pp.61 64, Nov [30] SANE , Dec [31] 44 pp.57 60, Nov [32] K. Nakamura and T. Iguchi, Dual-wavelength radar algorithm, in Measuring Precipitation from Space EURAINSAT and the Future, ed. V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F.J. Turk, pp , Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,

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