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1 1. Krashen Swain 1985 Swain Muranoi, 2007a

2 2. Swain 1985, 1995, 1998, 2005 de Bot Doughty & Williams, 1998 ; Swain, 1998 : 1 2 gap selective attention involvement recast : 52

3 : *I m interesting in Costa Rica. : You re interested in Costa Rica. What made you interested in it? Doughty & Williams, hypothesis Swain, 1995 hypothesis testing hypothesis confirmation negative feedback hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis modification hypothesis rejection Gass, 1997 ; Muranoi, 2007a 53

4 3 Syntactic Processing 3 Swain, 1985 Swain 1985 conscious reflection Swain 1995 Levelt 1989 coneptualizer lemmas lexemes lexi- lexemes lexi- lexi- lexi- lexi- con formulator articulator 1 Levelt 54

5 1 Levelt 1989 Levelt, 1989, p p de Bot 1996 automatization 3. 55

6 1 CEFR/Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 2 speaking - production CEFR Council of Europe, 2001/ 2004, pp A1 : A2 : B1 : 2 Council of Europe

7 B2 : C1 : C2 : CEFR A1 A2 basic user B1 B2 inde- inde- inde- inde- pendent user C1 C1 C1 C2 pro- pro- ficient user Council of Europe, 2001 B C EFL English as a foreign language 57

8 4 A B B1 B2 B University of Cambridge ESOL CEFR Video to accompany the draft Manual for relating language examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, University of Cambridge, CNN Express CNN 58

9 pre - output activities focus on form Doughty, 2003 ; Doughty & Williams, 1998 ; Long, 1991 ; Long & Robinson, 1998 ; 2010 ; 2006 focus on forms focus on meaning Doughty, 2003 ; Long & Robinson, 1998 Focus on form through summarizing Muranoi 2007b guided summarizing 59

10 autonomous summarizing, 2006 : productive vocabulary plus - one summary Levelt

11 cognitive comparison Gass, 2003 ; Nelsen, 1987 positive evidence 4. empowerment enlightenment 61

12

13 Council of Europe Common European Framework of Reference for Languages : Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press II de Bot, K The psycholinguistics of the output hypothesis. Language Learning, 46, 3, Doughty, C. J Instructed SLA : Constraints, compensation, and enhancement. In C. J. Doughty & M. Long Eds., The handbook of second language acquisition pp Oxford : Blackwell. Doughty, C., & Williams, J Pedagogical choices in focus on form. In C. Doughty & J. Williams Eds., Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition pp Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Gass, S Input, interaction, and the second language learner. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gass, S Input and interaction. In C.J. Doughty & M.H. Long Eds., The handbook of second language acquisition pp Oxford : Blackwell. Krashen, S Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford : Pergamon. Long, M Focus on form : A design feature in language teaching methodology. In K. de Bot, R. Ginsberg, & C. Kramsch Eds., Foreign language research in cross - cultural perspective pp Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Long, M., & Robinson, P Focus on form : Theory, research, and practice. In C. Doughty & J. Williams Eds., Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition pp Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Muranoi, H. 2007a. Output practice in the L2 classroom. In R. DeKeyser Ed., Practice in a second language : Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology pp Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Muranoi, H. 2007b. Focus on form through guided summarizing and EFL learners interlanguage development. 33 pp Nelson, K Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition. In K. Nelson & A. van Kleeck Eds., Children s language, Vol. 6. Norwood, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. Swain, M Communicative competence : Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. Gass & C. Madden Eds., Input in second language acquisition pp Cambridge, MA : Newbury House. Swain, M Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook & B. 63

14 Seidlhoffer Eds., Principles & practice in applied linguistics : Studies in honor of H.G. Widdowson pp Oxford : Oxford University Press. Swain, M Focus on form through conscious reflection. In C. Doughty & J. Williams Eds., Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition pp Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Swain, M The output hypothesis : Theory and research. In E. Hinkel Ed., Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning pp Norwood, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

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