Jpn. J. Personality 19(2): (2010)

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1 ) BRS Cloninger (TCI) (BRS) 246 TCI BRS TCI Cloninger (resilience) 2002 (Grotberg, 2003) 1) (2004) 3 (2007)

2 Wagnild & Young, Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000 (Reynolds, 1998) (2002) Resilience Scale (Wagnild et al., 1993) 2 (Heilemann, Lee, & Kury, 2003) 1 (Schumacher, Leppert, & Gunzelrnann, 2005) 5 (Lundman, Strandberg, & Eisemann, 2007) Resilience Questionnaire (Colgate, 1996) Resilience Scale for Adults (Friborg, Hjemdal, & Rosenvinge, 2003) 3 4 Cloninger (1993) Temperament Character Inventory (TCI) TCI 4

3 TCI 3 Cloninger (2006) TCI TCI Cloninger TCI (2004) (Table 1) Table 1

4 Hiew 2002 Resilience Quotient CAQ- Ego-Resiliency Scale Multidimensional Trauma Recovery and Resiliency 2005 Table KJ KJ I (SD 4.84) SPSS (ver. 11.0J)

5 TCI Cloninger TCI TCI (2007) SD 5 1SD TCI Promax TCI 7 TCI TCI (Table 2) TCI (b.36,

6 99 Table 2 TCI N 246 R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b TCI p.001, p.01, p.05, R 2 b.25.53,.31) b (b.40) b b (b.29,.28,.31) 4 3 r.51 r (p.001) (SD 5.00) I 1. I

7 TCI TCI I (Table 3) a a.90 a.83 a.72 7 GFI.919 AGFI.897, RMSEA.061 (Figure 1) TCI (Table 4) TCI (b.29,.34,.33) b (b.25) b (b.28,.25,.25) (r.64.74, p.001) (r.49 62, p.001) (Bidimensional Resilience Scale: BRS) 7 a

8 101 Table 3 N 759 a.90 I II III IV V VI VII (a.83) A. (a.77) B. (a.48) C. (a.85) D. (a.72) (a.72) E. (a.58) F. (a.54) ( ).46 G. (a.67) A B C D E F G GFI.933, AGFI.908, RMSEA.056 A B C D E F.59 G 2 BRS

9 Figure 1 Table 4 TCI N 297 R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b R 2 b TCI p.001, p.01, p.05, R 2 b.25 BRS (2006) TCI BRS BRS 1 TCI

10 103 (Brissette, Scheier, & Carver, 2002) 2004 TCI 2 negative self control positive self control 1983 TCI TCI 1997 TCI TCI

11 TCI TCI 3 BRS (2000) 47, (2005) (resilience) 14, (2000) 22, Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism and social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, Cloninger, C. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, Colgate, M. A. (1996). A secondary analysis assessing the Personal Resilience Questionnaire and exploring the relationship between resilience and exercise. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 56, Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 2, Grotberg, E. H. (2003). What is resilience? How do you promote it? How do you use it? In Grotberg, E. H. (Ed.), Resilience for today: gaining strength from adversity, 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, pp Heilemann, M., Lee, K., & Kury, F. S. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 11, (2007) 3, (1991) 39, (2005) 53, (2006) 14,

12 (1975) pp (2004) (2005) 4, (1983) (2000) Cloninger 11, (1996) Cloninger 7 Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) 7, (1997) 11(12), Lundman, B., Strandberg, G., & Eisemann, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Resilience Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 21, Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71, Hiew, C. C. (2002) 8, (2005) MTRR/MTRR-I 10, (2005) CAQ ER (CAQ-Ego- Resiliency Scale) 13, Wright (2004) (2004) 7, (2002) 35, Reynolds, A. (1998). Resilience among black urban youth: Prevalence, intervention effects, and mechanism of influences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, Schumacher, J., Leppert, K., & Gunzelrnann, T. (2005). The Resilience Scale: A questionnaire to assess resilience as a personality characteristic. Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 53, (1998) 8, (2000) 47, (2002) 50, (2001) 1, (1995) 43, Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, (2007) 33,

13 A Study of the Classification of Resilience Factors: Development of the Bidimensional Resilience Scale (BRS) Mari HIRANO Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2010, Vol. 19 No. 2, Resilience is a characteristic of everyone, but some aspects of resilience are easy to imbibe, whereas others are not. This study developed a Bidimensional Resilience Scale (BRS) using Cloninger s Temperament/Character model (TCI) as the criteria to consider separately the innate factors and acquired factors of resilience. A questionnaire was administered to 246 college students, and seven factors were extracted through factor analysis according to their relevance based on the TCI. Innate resilience factors included optimism, control, sociability, and vitality; acquired resilience factors included attempting to solve a problem, self-understanding, and understanding others. The resulting BRS questionnaire was administered to 759 people. The bidimensional structure and the validity of the BRS were examined through higher-order factor analysis and comparison of relevancy with existing measures. Finally, criterion-related validity was examined for the resulting terms of the relevancy of innate/acquired resilience factors and the temperament/character factors from the TCI. Key words: resilience, innate factor, acquired factor, Cloninger s Temperament/Character model

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2007, Vol. 15 No. 2, 217–227

THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2007, Vol. 15 No. 2, 217–227 2007 15 2 217 227 2007 1 2 445 238 207 1 7 7 (2005) (2005) (2006a) 2006a (2004) (assumed-competence) 218 15 2 1 2005 2004 (2004) (2004) (2004) 16PF (2006) 4 Hayamizu, 2002 2006a (2006a) 1 Hayamizu, Kino,