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1 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 45 ) ) 1) 2) 2) 3) 4) 4,5) 6) 6) 7) 8) 8) 9) 10) 11) 11) 12) 13) 13) 14) 14) 15) 15) 16) 16) 17) 17) 1) 1) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) Staphylococcus aureus 53.0% methicillin S. aureus (MRSA) Staphylococcus epidermidis 65.8% methicillin S. epidermidis (MRSE) MRSA MRSE vancomycin (VCM)

2 432 ( 46 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec quinupristin/dalfopristin (QPR/DPR) MIC 90 2 mg/ml Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin penicillin S. pneumoniae (gpisp) penicillin S. pneumoniae (gprsp) 87.6% gpisp gprsp ceftriaxone cefpirome cefepime VCM teicoplanin (TEIC) linezolid (LZD) QPR/DPR 1 mg/ml MIC 90 Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium VCM TEIC MIC 2 mg/ml LZD E. faecalis E. faecium 10.9% 3.5% QPR/DPR E. faecium 24.4% Clostridium difficile VCM MIC 1 mg/ml Peptococcus Bacteroides Prevotella B. fragilis ) MIC (PCs): benzylpenicillin (PCG) ampicillin (ABPC) piperacillin (PIPC) oxacillin (MPIPC) (CEPs): cefazolin (CEZ) cefotiam (CTM) cefmetazole (CMZ) flomoxef (FMOX) ceftriaxone (CTRX) ceftazidime (CAZ) cefotaxime (CTX) cefpirome (CPR) cefozopran (CZOP) cefepime (CFPM) (CBPs): doripenem (DRPM) meropenem (MEPM) imipenem (IPM) panipenem (PAPM) biapenem (BIPM) (GPs): vancomycin (VCM) teicoplanin (TEIC) minocycline (MINO linezolid (LZD) quinupristin/dalfopristin (QPR/DPR) sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) arbekacin (ABK) QPR/DPR 3:7 ST 19 : 1 trimethoprim MIC PCs: PCG (U. S. Pharmacopeia (USP) ABPC (USP) CEPs: CMZ (USP)

3 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 47 ) FMOX CTX (USP) CTRX (USP) CAZ (USP) CPR CZOP CFPM (USP) cefoperazone (CPZ USP) sulbactam (SBT USP) latamoxef LMOX CBPs: DRPM MEPM (USP) IPM (USP) PAPM BIPM GPs: VCM clindamycin (CLDM USP fosfomycin FOM Manual of Clinical Microbiology Eighth Edition 14) MIC Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 15 17) 3. MIC CLSI 16, 17) 18) Streptococcus cation Mueller- Hinton broth (CAMHB) Streptococcus 5% CAMHB Staphylococcus MPIPC MIC 2%NaCl CAMHB ST MIC 7.5% CAMHB FOM MIC 25 mg/ml glucose-6-phosphate Mueller-Hinton agar 5% hemin 5 mg/ml Vitamin K1 1 mg/ml Brucella agar CLSI 15,17) Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin (PBP) 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) S. pneumoniae PBP penicillin ver Staphylococcus 1) Staphylococcus aureus 215 methicillin S. aureus (MSSA) methicillin S. aureus (MRSA) 101 (47.0%) 114 (53.0%) Fig MRSA 50 60% 59.0% 29.3% MRSA 2 MSSA MRSA Table 1 2 MSSA CEPs FMOX CEZ CTM MIC 90 1 mg/ml CBPs MEPM MIC mg/ml mg/ml ST CBPs MIC mg/ml VCM TEIC QPR/DPR MIC 90 1 mg/ml LZD MIC 8 mg/ml

4 434 ( 48 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Fig. 1. Incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical strains of S. aureus isolated in 1992 to Table 1. Susceptibility distribution of 101 clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) 1).

5 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 49 ) Table 2. Susceptibility distribution of 114 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)*. CLSI 4 mg/ml 84% MINO MIC mg/ml (MIC 8 mg/ml) MIC 16 mg/ml 7 FOM MIC 90 4 mg/ml MIC 64 mg/ml 4 MRSA VCM QPR/DPR ST MIC 90 1 mg/ml TEIC MIC 90 2 mg/ml MSSA LZD MSSA MIC 4 mg/ml 37% ABK MIC 90 4 mg/ml MIC 8 mg/ml 2 b- (BLs) MINO MIC mg/ml 2) Staphylococcus epidermidis 117 methicillin S. epidermidis (MSSE) 40 (34.2%) methicillin S. epidermidis (MRSE) 77 (65.8%) S. aureus Table 3 4 MSSE PCs BLs 2 mg/ ml MIC 90 CBPs MIC mg/ml VCM LZD QPR/DPR MIC 90 2 mg/ml TEIC MIC 90 8 mg/ml (MIC 16 mg/ml) MIC 32 mg/ml 1 MRSA S. aureus ST MSSE MIC 4 mg/ml 6 (15.0%) VCM LZD QPR/DPR MRSE MIC 2 mg/ml TEIC MIC 16 mg/ml 19 (24.7%) MIC mg/ml ST

6 436 ( 50 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 3. Susceptibility distribution of 40 clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE) 1). Table 4. Susceptibility distribution of 77 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) 1).

7 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 51 ) Table 5. Susceptibility distribution of 37 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. MRSE 26 (33.8%) MSSE BLs CTM CZOP MIC 90 4 mg/ml 8 mg/ml 16 mg/ml 3) Staphylococcus haemolyticus (89.2%) methicillin (Table 5) VCM LZD QPR/DPR MIC 90 2 mg/ml TEIC 3 (8.1%) ST 11 (29.7%) 4) Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4 CBPs QPR/DPR ST MIC 0.5 mg/ml (Table 6) VCM TEIC LZD MIC 2 mg/ml 5) Staphylococcus lugdunensis 21 methicillin 1 CEPs FMOX methicillin MIC 0.5 mg/ml VCM TEIC LZD QPR/DPR ST MIC 1 mg/ml methicillin CBPs MIC 0.25 mg/ml (Table 7) 6) Staphylococcus capitis 12 6 methicillin 12 VCM TEIC LZD QPR/DPR MIC 2 mg/ml (Table 8) ST mg/ml MIC 8 mg/ml MIC 1 BLs MIC mg/ml

8 438 ( 52 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 6. Susceptibility distribution of 4 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Table 7. Susceptibility distribution of 21 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis. 7) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) Staphylococcus caprae 10 Staphylococcus warneri 9 Staphylococcus hominis 8 Staphylococcus spp. 4 Table 9

9 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 53 ) Table 8. Susceptibility distribution of 12 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus capitis. Table 9. Susceptibility distribution of 31 clinical isolates of miscellaneous coagulase-negative staphylococci 1) methicillin BLs VCM LZD QPR/DPR MIC 90 1 mg/ml 2 mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml TEIC MIC 90 2 m g/ml MIC 32 mg/ml 1

10 440 ( 54 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 10. Susceptibility distribution of 67 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. Table 11. Susceptibility distribution of 71 clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae. ST 6 MIC 90 8 mg/ml 2. Streptococcus 1) Streptococcus pyogenes 67 (Table 10) BLs MIC 0.25 mg/ml 2) Streptococcus agalactiae 71 S. pyogenes (Table 11)

11 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 55 ) Fig. 2. Mutations in penicillin-binding proteins in clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in 2000, 2002, 2004 and BLs MIC mg/ml MIC 1 mg/ml 1 3) Streptococcus pneumoniae 121 BLs PBP PBP1a PBP2b PBP2x PCR UBUKATA 19) penicillin S. pneumoniae (gpssp) PBP penicillin S. pneumoniae (gpisp) PBP penicillin S. pneumoniae (gprsp) Fig. 2 gpssp gprsp gpisp gprsp 2000 (87.6%) gpssp MIC 90 1 mg/ml (Table 12) gpisp gprsp gpssp BLs CTRX CPR CFPM CBPs 1 mg/ml MIC 90 (Table 13 14) PBP PCG (Table 15) VCM TEIC LZD QPR/DPR PCG PBP mg/ml MIC 90 QPR/DPR MIC 2 mg/ml gpisp gprsp 1 (2%) 2 (4%) 4) Streptococcus mitis group Streptococcus sanguinis group Streptococcus oralis 23 S. mitis 8 S. sanguinis 3 Streptococcus gordonii 3 Streptococcus parasanguinis 1 S. mitis group S. sanguinis group Table 16 CBPs BLs PRSP BLs CBPs MIC mg/ml VCM TEIC LZD MIC mg/ml VCM

12 442 ( 56 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 12. Susceptibility distribution of 15 clinical isolates of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (gpssp)*. Table 13. Susceptibility distribution of 55 clinical isolates of penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae (gpisp)*. MIC 0.5 mg/ml QPR/DPR MIC 2 mg/ml 5 (13%) 5) Streptococcus anginosus group S. anginosus 9 Streptococcus constellatus 3 Streptococcus intermedius 1 S. anginosus

13 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 57 ) Table 14. Susceptibility distribution of 51 clinical isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (gprsp)*. Table 15. Susceptibility distribution of gpssp, gpisp and gprsp. Table 16. Susceptibility distribution of 38 clinical isolates of Streptococcus mitis group and Streptococcus sanguinis group*.

14 444 ( 58 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 17. Susceptibility distribution of 13 clinical isolates of the Streptococcus anginosus group*. group Table 17 BLs CPR CBPs MIC mg/ml VCM TEIC LZD VCM TEIC MIC 1 mg/ml mg/ml QPR/DPR S. pneumoniae S. mitis group S. sanguinis group MIC 2 mg/ml 4 (31%) 3. Enterococcus 1) Enterococcus faecalis E. faecalis 119 CEPs MIC mg/ml PCs CBPs CEPs ABPC IPM MIC 90 2 mg/ml (Table 18) VCM TEIC MIC mg/ml LZD 13 (11%) MIC 90 4 mg/ml 2) Enterococcus faecium E. faecium 86 Table 19 VCM TEIC MIC 90 1 mg/ml LZD 3 (3%) QPR/DPR 21 (24%) 3) Enterococcus avium E. avium 33 ABPC CBPs VCM TEIC MIC 1 m g/ml 0.5 mg/ml (Table 20) LZD 2 (6%) QPR/DPR 28 (85%) 4) Enterococcus raffinosus E. raffinosus 24 ABPC CBPs VCM TEIC MIC

15 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 59 ) Table 18. Susceptibility distribution of 119 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Table 19. Susceptibility distribution of 86 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Table 20. Susceptibility distribution of 33 clinical isolates of Enterococcus avium. 1 mg/ml (Table 21) LZD 4 QPR/DPR 1 5) Enterococcus casseliflavus Enterococcus gallinarum E. casseliflavus 7 ABPC IPM PAPM MIC 2 mg/ml (Table 22) E. gallinarum 6

16 446 ( 60 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 21. Susceptibility distribution of 24 clinical isolates of Enterococcus raffinosus. Table 22. Susceptibility distribution of clinical isolates of Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum. VCM vanc Enterococcus VCM E. gallinarum 3 (50.0%) TEIC MIC 1 mg/ml LZD QPR/DPR Enterococcus

17 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 61 ) Table 23. Susceptibility distribution of 40 clinical isolates of Peptococcaceae*. Table 24. Susceptibility distribution of 28 clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. 4. 1) Peptococcus Finegoldia magna 14 Schleiferella asaccharolytica 9 Micromonas micros 8 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 4 Anaerococcus vaginalis 4 Anaerococcus hydrogenalis 1 Table 23 Peptococcus CMZ FMOX CBPs VCM MIC mg/ml CLDM MIC 64 mg/ml 5 2) Clostridium difficile C. difficile 28 VCM MIC 1 mg/ml (Table 24) DRPM MEPM MIC 90 4 mg/ml CLDM 3) Bacteroides fragilis B. fragilis 42 CBPs MIC 90 2 mg/ml 4 mg/ml MIC 64 mg/ml (Table 25) CEPs MIC m g/ml FMOX LMOX MIC 50 4 mg/ml

18 448 ( 62 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec Table 25. Susceptibility distribution of 42 clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis. Table 26. Susceptibility distribution of 39 clinical isolates of miscellaneous members of the Bacteroides fragilis group*. CLDM 64 mg/ml MIC 12 4) B. fragilis group Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 20 Bacteroides vulgatus 7 Bacteroides eggerthii 4 Bacteroides distasonis 3 Bacteroides uniformis 3 Bacteroides caccae 1 Bacteroides merdae 1 Table 26 B. fragilis CBPs MIC 90 2 mg/ml MIC 8 mg/ml MIC 16 mg/ml CEPs MIC mg/ml CLDM 23 (59.0%) 5) Prevotella Prevotella bivia 10 Prevotella intermedia 8 Prevotella melaninogenica 8 Prevotella buccae 5 Prevotella loescheii 2 Prevotella denticola 1 Prevotella disiens 1

19 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 63 ) Table 27. Susceptibility distribution of 35 clinical isolates of Prevotella spp*. Table 27 CBPs MIC 0.5 mg/ml CBPs BLs b S. aureus MRSA 53.0% % (Fig. 1) 20) 21) 10 MRSA 50 70% 22 24) 30 40% 59.0% 29.3% MRSA 20) 30% MRSA VCM QPR/DPR ST MRSA ABK MRSA MIC 90 4 m g/ml 2 mg/ml MIC LZD 4 mg/ml MIC MSSA 84% MRSA 37% Enterococcus S. aureus VCM 2002 VCM MRSA 25,26) VCM ST MRSA MSSA MRSA MIC mg/ml 27, 28) S. epidermidis methicillin

20 450 ( 64 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec % S. aureus S. haemolyticus methicillin 90% CNS TEIC ST VCM LZD QPR/DPR CNS TEIC VCM 29 31) CLSI PCG MIC m g/ml S. pneumoniae PISP PRSP % 43.4% 38.6% 46.8% 57.8% 50.9% 59.5% 53.7% 56.2% 50% 2000 PCG PBP1a 2b 2x 3 PBP 1 80% (Fig. 2) PBP PCG gpssp gpisp gprsp PCG MIC m g/ml (Table 15) 3 PBP 1 2 gpisp PCG MIC PSSP gprsp PCG PCG 1 PBP BLs PBP BLs ) BLs gprsp 21) PCG MIC 8 mg/ml PCG MIC 8 mg/ml PBP PCG BLs PBP Streptococcus BLs S. mitis group S. sanguinis group S. mitis group S. sanguinis group S. pneumoniae PBP1a 2x 2b BLs SÁNCHEZ 32) NAKAYAMA 33) PBP ABPC MIC CLSI 0.5 mg/ml PBP PISP PRSP PBP PBP 34) S. agalactiae BLs 1 S. agalactiae BLs CLSI 35) PBP2x BLs S. agalactiae B

21 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 65 ) E. faecalis ) ABPC 2000 ABPC MIC 12.5 mg/ml E. faecalis 3 (2.4%) ABPC E. faecalis ABPC PBP4 b-lactamase 37 39) VCM VCM E. casseliflavus E. gallinarum VCM 40) 41) VCM LZD vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) E. faecalis MIC mg/ml 4 mg/ml E. gallinarum 10% QPR/DPR E. faecium 2004 ( 24%) E. faecium Enterococcus 80% QPR/DPR FEDLER % 42) Enterococcus VCM TEIC VRE 43 45) CBPs C. difficile Bacteroides MIC 8 mg/ml B. fragilis metallo b-lactamase cfia insertion sequence CBPs SóKI 46) Bacteroides cepa cfxa b-lactamase cfxa Prevotella 47) Capnocytophaga 48) b-lactamase CBPs C. difficile PELÁEZ VCM MIC 8 mg/ml 16 mg/ml 49) VCM MIC 1 mg/ml 1992 PK/PD

22 452 ( 66 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec ) 43: 12 26, ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) : , ) MURRAY, P. R.; E. J. BARON, J. M. JORGENSEN, et al.: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, ) Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Seventeenth informational supplement, M100-S17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, ) Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard. 6th ed., M7-A7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, ) National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. Ap-

23 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 67 ) proved standard. 7th ed., M11-A7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA, ) (1989 ) MIC ( ) Chemotherapy 38: , ) UBUKATA, K.; T. MURAKI, A. IGARASHI, et al.: Working group for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae: Identification of penicillin and other beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Chemother. 3: , ) (2005 ) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 61: , ) NIKI, Y.; H. HANAKI, T. MATSUMOTO, et al.: Nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy in 2007: general view of the pathogens antibacterial susceptibility. J. Infect. Chemother. 15: , ) KOHLENBERG, A.; F. SCHWAB, C. GEFFERS, et al.: Time-trends for Gram-negative and multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria associated with nosocomial infections in German intensive care units between 2000 and Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14: 93 96, ) SADER, H. S.; R. MALLICK, A. KUZNIK, et al.: Use of in vitro susceptibility and pathogen prevalence data to model the expected clinical success rates of tigecycline and other commonly used antimicrobials for empirical treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30: , ) MOET, G. J.; R. N. JONES, D. J. BIEDENBACH, et al.: Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: Report from the SEN- TRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program ( ). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57: 7 13, ) DAWN, M. S.; T. R. JAMES, B. P. JEAN, et al.: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, Clin. Infect. Dis. 46: , ) SAHA, B.; A. K. SINGH, A. GHOSH, et al.: Identification and characterization of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kolkata (South Asia). J. Med. Microbiol. 57: 72 79, ) ZHANEL, G. G.; M. DECORBY, N. LAING, et al.: Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: Results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: , ) TILLOTSON, G. S.; D. C. DRAGHI, D. F. SAHM, et al.: Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin and wound infections in the United States : laboratorybased surveillance study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62: , ) 2008 meropenem Jpn. J. Antibiotics 62: , ) Meropenem 2006 Jpn. J. Antibiotics 60: , ) BIEDENBACH, D. J.; J. M. BELL, H. S. SADER, T. R. FRITSCHE, et al.: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the Asia-Pacific region and an in vitro evaluation of the bactericidal activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin: a SEN- TRY Program Report ( ). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30: , ) SÁNCHEZ, M.; M. F. VICENTE, E. CERCENADO, et al.: Diversity among clinical isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus mitis: indication for a PBP1-dependent way to reach high level of penicillin resistance. Int. Microbiol. 4: , ) NAKAYAMA, A. & A. TAKAO: Beta-lactam re-

24 454 ( 68 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec sistance in Streptococcus mitis isolated from saliva of healthy subjects. J. Infect. Chemother. 9: , ) FANG, C.; N. OLIVER, B. CARINA, I. MARGARET, et al.: Crossing the barrier: evolution and spread of a major class of mosaic pbp2x in Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. mitis and S. oralis. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297: , ) KIMURA, S.; S. SUZUKI & Y. ARAKAWA: First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: , ) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 56: , ) ONO, S.; T. MURATANI & T. MATSUMOTO: Mechanisms of resistance to imipenem and ampicillin in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: , ) ROBERTA, F.; L. MARCO, P. FABRIZIA & S. GIUSEPPE: Intrinsic penicillin resistance in enterococci. Microb. Drug Resist. 2: , ) MURRAY, B. E.: Beta-lactamase-producing enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36: , ) Jpn. J. Antibiotics 61: , ) 2006 Jpn. J Antibiotics 61: , ) FEDLER, K. A.; D. J. BIEDENBACH & R. N. JONES: Assessment of pathogen frequency and resistance patterns among pediatric patient isolates. Report from the 2004 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program on 3 continents. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56: , ) HELIO, S. S,; A. W. AMY, R. F. THOMAS, et al.: Daptomycin antimicrobial activity tested against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in European medical centers (2005). BMC Infect. Dis. 18: 1 9, ) SAM, K. B.; R. I. JONATHAN, B. TIMOTHY, et al.: Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 58: , ) MICHAEL, J. D. & H. P. CHOONG: Update on antimicrobial susceptibility rates among Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms in the United States: Results from the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial (TEST) 2005 to Clin. Ther. 30: , ) SÓKI, J.; R. EDWARDS, M. HEDBERG, et al.: Examination of cfia-mediated carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis strains from a European antibiotic susceptibility survey. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 28: , ) CHANTAL, G. M.; M. ISABELLE & F. THIERRY: Sequence analysis of cfxa2-like beta-lactamases in Prevotella species. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51: , ) ANNE, J. G.; T. S. ZOHREH, D. LAURENT, et al.: Genetic analysis of an ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Capnocytophaga ochracea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: , ) PELÁEZ, T.; L. ALCALÁ, R. ALONSO, et al.: Reassessment of Clostridium difficile susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: , 2002

25 Dec THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS ( 69 ) Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of aerobic Gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria in 2006 TAKAHIRO YAMAGUCHI 1), ISAMU YOSHIDA 1), YOSHIHISA ITOH 2), MINEJI TACHIBANA 2), CHOICHIRO TAKAHASHI 3), MITSUO KAKU 4), KEIJI KANEMITSU 4,5), MASAHIKO OKADA 6), YOSHINORI HORIKAWA 6), JOJI SHIOTANI 7), HIROYOSHI KINO 8), YUKA ONO 8), HISASHI BABA 9), SHUJI MATSUO 10), SEISHI ASARI 11), MASAHIRO TOYOKAWA 11), KIMIKO MATSUOKA 12), NOBUCHIKA KUSANO 13), MOTOKO NOSE 13), MITSUHARU MURASE 14), HITOSHI MIYAMOTO 14), TETSUNORI SAIKAWA 15), KAZUFUMI HIRAMATSU 15), SHIGERU KOHNO 16), KATSUNORI YANAGIHARA 16), NOBUHISA YAMANE 17), ISAMU NAKASONE 17), HIDEKI MAKI 1) and YOSHINORI YAMANO 1) 1) Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka , Japan 2) Asahikawa Medical College Hospital 3) Yamagata University Hospital 4) Tohoku University Hospital 5) Fukushima Medical University Hospital 6) Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital 7) Cancer Institute Hospital 8) Mitsui Memorial Hospital 9) Nagoya University Hospital 10) Tenri Hospital 11) Osaka University Hospital 12) Osaka General Medical Center 13) Okayama University Hospital 14) Ehime University Hospital 15) Oita University Hospital 16) Nagasaki University Hospital 17) University Hospital of the Ryukyus The activity of antibacterial agents against aerobic Gram-positive cocci (26 species, 1022 strains) and anaerobic bacteria (23 species, 184 strains) isolated from clinical specimens in 2006 at 16 clinical facilities in Japan were studied using either broth microdilution or agar dilution method. The ratio of methicillin-resistant strains among Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 53.0% and 65.8%, suggesting that resistant strains were isolated at high frequency. Vancomycin (VCM) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (QPR/DPR) had good antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, with MIC 90 s of 2 mg/ml. The ratio of penicillin (PC) intermediate and resistant strains classified by mutations of PC-binding proteins among Streptococcus pneumoniae was 87.6%. Ceftriaxone, cefpirome, cefepime, car-

26 456 ( 70 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 6 Dec bapenem antibiotics, VCM, teicoplanin, linezolid(lzd) and QPR/DPR had MIC 90 s of 1 mg/ml against PC-intermediate and resistant S. pneumoniae strains. Against all strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, the MICs of VCM and TEIC were under 2 mg/ml, and no resistant strain was detected, suggesting that these agents had excellent activities against these species. 10.9% of E. faecalis strains or 3.5% of E. faecium strains showed intermediate or resistant to LZD. 24.4% of E. faecium strains showed intermediate or resistant to QPR/DPR. Against all strains of Clostridium difficile, the MIC of VCM were under 1 mg/ml, suggesting that VCM had excellent activity against C. difficile. Carbapenems showed good activity against Peptococcaceae, Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp. However since several strains of Bacteroides fragilis showed resistant to carbapenems and the susceptibility of this species should be well-focused in the future.

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