Jpn. J. Personality 16(3): (2008)
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1 Cloninger Big Five 1) Cloninger Big Five 2 2 Big Five 457 Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Big Five TCI Big Five Big Five Big Five Big Five Cloninger Big Five Temperament and Character Inventory Big Five Big Five 5 Big Five (John, 1990; John & Srivastava, 1999) Big Five 5 (John & Srivastava, 1999) Big Five 5 John, 1990; 1998 Big 1) Five Big Five 5 Big Five Big Five Soldz, Budman, Demby, & Merry, 1993; Costa & Widiger, 1994; 2002 Big Five (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993)Big Five
2 Cloninger Big Five 325 Eysenck 1952, Eysenck 3 Eysenck Tellegen (1985) (Negative Emotionality) (Positive Emotionality) (Constraint) Watson & Clark (1993) (Negative Temperament) (Positive Temperament) (Disinhibition) 3 3 Big Three (Clark & Watson, 1999) Big Five Big Three Cloninger (1987) Cloninger (Cloninger & Gilligan, 1987; Cloninger, 1986) Cloninger (1987) 3 Big Three Cloninger (1987) 3 2) Cloninger 3) 2) D4 (Ebstein, Novick, Umansky, Priel, Osher, Blaine, Bennett, Nemanov, Katz, & Belmaker, 1996; Benjamin, Li, Patterson, Greenberg, Murphy, & Hamer, 1996) (Katsuragi, Kunugi, Sano, Tsutsumi, Isogawa, Nanko, & Akiyoshi, 1999) 3) Youn, Lyoo, Kim, Park, Ha, Lee, Abrams, Lee, & Kwon (2002) (PET) 3
3 Cloninger (1987) 3 Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire TPQ Cloninger Cloninger Cloninger et al. (1993) TPQ Temperament and Character Inventory TCI Cloninger et al. (1993) 3 3 (Svrakic, Whitehead, Przybeck & Cloninger, 1993) Cloninger 2 2 Cloninger Marchesi, Cantoni, Fontò, Giannelli, & Maggini, 2006; Evans, Akiskal, KeckJr, McElroy, Sadovnick, Remick, & Kelsoe, 2005 Cloninger Big Five Cloninger Big Five Big Five Big Five 5 Cloninger Big Five 5 Cloninger
4 Cloninger Big Five 327 Cloninger Big Five 3 Big Three Big Five (Clark & Watson, 1999) Cloninger Big Five Big Five Cloninger Big Five Big Five Big Five Big Five Cloninger Big Five Zuckerman & Cloninger (1996) TCI De Fruyt, Van De Wiele, & Van Heeringen (2000) TCI NEO-P-I-R 5 Zuckerman & Cloninger (1996) De Fruyt et al. (2000).30 De Fruyt et al. (2000) TCI 7 NEO-P-I-R 5 Cloninger Zuckerman & Cloninger (1996) De Fruyt et al. (2000) Cloninger Big Five Cloninger Big Five Cloninger Big Five Big Five Cloninger Big Five Big Five Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Cloninger et al. (1993) (1996) TCI TCI
5 Table 1 TCI Big Five (1996) TCI 2 (1996) TCI 4 Cronbach a 4 Big Five Big Five 5 (1996) Big Five 5 Big Five NEO-P-I-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992) 240 (1996) Big Five 60 (1996) Big Five (1996) 7 TCI Big Five (Table 1) t TCI Big Five TCI t Mean SD Mean SD df 455 TCI ** ** * * Big Five ** * ** p.01, * p.05 a.69 TCI Big Five ) a (1996) TCI 7 (Table 2).30 1% (r.32) (r.46) (r.49) (r.33) TCI Big Five (Table 3).30 1% Big Five 4) TCI Big Five
6 Cloninger Big Five 329 Table 2 TCI 7.32 ** ** **.10 * *.46 **.16 **.23 **.13 **.11 *.49 **.10 *.16 **.24 **.27 **.33 ** ** ** p.01, * p.05 Table 3 TCI Big Five Big Five TCI.31 **.20 **.30 **.51 **.14 **.43 **.54 **.44 ** **.46 ** **.13 ** **.47 **.26 **.25 **.39 **.27 **.29 **.25 **.22 **.10 * **.47 **.17 ** ** * ** p.01, * p.05 (r.31) (r.46) (r.43) (r.54) (r.39) (r.30) (r.37) (r.44) (r.47) (r.51) (r.47) TCI Big Five 5 Big Five 5 Big Five 5 Step 1 4 Step 2 3 (Table 4) TCI 7 Step 2 (Change of R 2 )
7 Table 4 TCI Change Big Five b b b b b b b R 2 of R 2 step 1.20 **.34 **.44 **.08 *.42 **.42 ** step 2.20 **.32 **.46 **.08 * **.01 step ** **.31 **.31 ** step **.11 *.11 *.19 ** **.36 **.05 ** step 1.24 **.35 **.09 *.23 **.27 **.27 ** step 2.23 **.23 ** **.18 **.11 *.27 **.35 **.08 ** step 1.44 ** **.39 **.41 **.41 ** step 2.38 **.09 *.15 **.37 **.27 ** **.05 ** step 1.17 **.20 **.16 **.19 **.14 **.14 ** step * ** ** **.13 ** ** p.01, * p.05 Cloninger Big Five TCI7 De Fruyt et al. (2000) De Fruyt et al., 2000 R 2.55 R 2.49 De Fruyt et al. (2000) R 2.04 Cloninger Big Five Step 1 Step 2 Cloninger Big Five TCI Big Five De Fruyt et al. (2000) Zuckerman & Cloninger (1996) Eysenck
8 Cloninger Big Five 331 Eysenck De Fruyt et al. (2000) (r.39) (r.63) Cloninger et al. (1993) De Fruyt et al. (2000) (r.32, p.01) Big Five (John & Srivastava, 1999) De Fruyt et al. (2000) Cloninger Big Five TCI De Fruyt et al. (2000).30 (r.29) De Fruyt et al. (2000) (r.45) (r.51) De Fruyt et al. (2000) (r.36) De Fruyt et al. (2000) De Fruyt et al. (2000)
9 Big Five (1996) Big Five De Fruyt et al. (2000) NEO- R-I-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992) Cloninger Big Five Big Five TCI Cloninger Big Five PET fmri Big Five Benjamin, J., Li, L., Patterson, C., Greenberg, B. D., Murphy, D. L., & Hamer, D. H. (1996). Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1999). Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology. In L. A. Pervin., & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality. 2nd ed. NewYork: The Guilford Press. pp Cloninger, C. R. (1986). A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatric Developments, 3, Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, Cloninger, C. R., & Gilligan, S. B. (1987). Neurogenetic mechanisms of learning: A phylogenetic perspective. Journal of psychiatric research, 21, Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The NEO-P-I-R professional manual: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-P-I-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Neo-FFI). Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources. Costa, P. T., Jr., & Widiger, T. A. (1994). Personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. De Fruyt, F., Van De Wiele, L., & Van Heeringen, C. (2000). Cloninger s psychobiological model of temperament and character and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, Ebstein, R. P., Novick, O., Umansky, R., Priel, B., Osher, Y., Blaine, D., Bennett, E. R., Nemanov, L., Katz, M., & Belmaker, R. H. (1996). Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) exon polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, Evans, L., Akiskal, H. S., KeckJr, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2005). Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The scientific study of personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10 Cloninger Big Five 333 Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield: Charles C.Thomas publisher. H J 1973 John, O. P. (1990). The big five factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press, pp John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press. pp Cloninger 7 Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Katsuragi, S., Kunugi, H., Sano, A., Tsutsumi, T., Isogawa, K., Nanko, S., & Akiyoshi, J. (1999). Association between Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and anxietyrelated traits. Biological Psychiatry, 45, Marchesi, C., Cantoni, A., Fontò, S., Giannelli, M. R., & Maggini, C. (2006). The effect of temperament and character on response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114, Soldz, S., Budman, S., Demby, A., & Merry, J. (1993). Representation of personality disorders in circumplex and five-factor space: Explorations with a clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 5, Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1993).Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven: Factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and anxiety disorder. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. pp Big Five pp Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1993). Behavioral disinhibition versus constraint: A dispositional perspective. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp Youn, Y., Lyoo, I. K., Kim, J., Park, H., Ha, K., Lee, D. S., Abrams, K. Y., Lee, M. C., & Kwon, J. S. (2002). Relationship between personality trait and regional cerebral glucose metabolism assessed with positron emission tomogramphy. Biological Psychology, 60, Zuckerman, M., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Relationships between Cloninger s, Zuckerman s, and Eysenck s dimensions of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 21,
11 Cloninger s Temperament and Character Model and the Big Five Yoshihiko KUNISATO 1, Akihiro YAMAGUCHI 2 and Shin-ichi SUZUKI 3 1 The Graduate school of Education, Hiroshima University 2 Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Gunma University 3 Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2008, Vol. 16, No. 3, Currently, two models of personality are extensively studied: Cloninger s temperament and character model and the Big Five model. However, there are few studies that looked into the relationship of the two. Therefore, we examined the relationship in this study. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Big Five Scale were administered to 457 university students. Results indicated strong inter-correlations between variables of TCI and Big Five Scale, and suggested that the temperament and character model could explain the Big Five. In addition, for explanation of each factor of the Big Five model except the extroversion, it was suggested that not only temperament but also character were necessary. Finally, characteristics of each factor of the Big Five were discussed from the viewpoint of the temperament and character model. Key words: Cloninger s temperament and character model, big five model, temperament and character inventory, big five scale
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