Transcription

1

2 ..Department of STATE:// ( i

3 ii

4 ODA ODA ODA ODA ODA ODA iii

5 HDG BEIA CEIA ()() () HDG () ( ) () () iv

6 () () MOLADI PDCA EIA HDG v

7 () BEIA Basic Environment Impact Assessment CEIA Comprehensive Environment Assessment Impact C/P Counterpart DMF Disaster Management Fund EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENSO El Nino Southern Oscilation ESAT The Environmentally Safe Aggregates for Tarawa EU European Union G/A Grant Agreement GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product HDG HIDEGAS () ITCZ International Convergence Zone JCI Japan Concrete Institute JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency ( ) JIS Japan Industrial Standards KAP Kiribati Adaptation Project KDP Kiribati Development Plan KJIP Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management KPF Kiribati Provident Fund MELAD Ministry of Environment Lands & Agriculture Development MPWU Ministry of Public Works&Utilities NDRMC NDRMO National Disaster Risk Management Council National Disaster Risk Management Office vi

8 NDRMO NDRMP () National Disaster Risk Management Office National Disaster Risk Management Plan NETIS New Technology Information System NGO Non-Governmental Organization OJT On-the-Job Training ODA Official Development Assistance ph ph ( ) PIC Pacific Islands Center PWD Public Works Department SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPCZ South Pacific Convergence Zone UAE United Arab Emirates vii

9 km2 km,km 7, HDGHIDEGAS viii

10 HDG HDG HDG HDG HDG ix

11 HDG HDG OJT () x

12 HDG HDG OJT HDG C/P 1 HDG 2 C/P HDG 1-1 PDCA PDCA HDG 2-3 OJT HDG PR, JICA xi

13 HDG xii

14 2 xiii

15 xiv

16 xv

17 km2 km,km 7 2, 2010 JICA 1

18 Maneaba ni Maungatabu Beretitenti TKP (BTK) Office of Beretitenti Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Immigrati on Public Service Office Kiribati Police Service Ministry of Finance & Economi c Develop ment Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Develop ment Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Develop ment Ministry of Commer ce, Industry & Cooperat ives Ministry of Public Works & Utilities Ministry of Commun ication, Transport & Tourism Develop ment Ministry of Educatio n Ministry of Environ ment, Lands & Agricultur e Develop ment Ministry of Health & Medical Services Ministry of Line & Phoenix Islands Develop ment Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs Office of Attorney General JICA Ministry of Public Works & Utilities... Ministry of Environment, Lands & Agriculture Development ECD LMDAD 2

19 Office of the Beretitenti GCFMDF National Disaster Risk Management Plan (National Disaster Risk Management Office NDRMO) National Disaster Risk Management Council NDRMC GDP GDP GDP 3

20 ANZ e-is-god-in-the-flood-q-and-a-withreverend-maleta-tenten-kiribati/ - 4

21 NGO Kiribati Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Plan JICA SPCZITCZ SPCZITCZ H KMS BoM CSIRO 2011 Vol 1 37 Kiribati Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Plan 5

22 mmmm - ENSO 5000 ( Site Name: Tarawa Betio Site Number: J61000 Latitude: Longitudes: Elevatio ,

23 KJIP Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management KDP Kiribati Development Plan THE USE OF CORAL AS AN AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAMD CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURES Army Construction Engineering Reserch Laboratory June

24 JICA KAP Kiribati Adaptation Programme: KAP 8

25 KJIP Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Environment Act 2007 Environmental License EIA m 9

26 G/A C/P km m G/A C/P DMF Disaster Management Fund DMF DMF UAE DMF KAP Kiribati Adaptation Project KAP 10

27 The Environmentally Safe Aggregates for Tarawa (ESAT) project EU SPC Secretariat of Pacific Community Te Atinimarawa Co Ltd GCF(Green Climate Fund) Foreign Investment Commission 11

28 JICA 100 (BTC/TUC) JICA National Quality Policy Internal Revenue Board $0 - $5,000 - $0 - $25,000 20% $5,001 - $15,000 20% $25,001 - $50,000 30% $15,001 - $30,000 25% $50,001 35% $30,001 30% JICA 12

29 VAT VAT Value Added Tax Act, 2013 Value Added Tax Regulations, % VAT VAT VAT VAT Import Levy Import Levy Import Levy kg 5% 25% 20% 10% 25% JICA (Kiribati Provident Fund) KPF 13

30 2 1 Swire Shipping DHL ATHKL Amalgamated Telecom Holdings (Kiribati) Limited PUB Public Utility Board AUD/kw AUD/m3 1kw-100kw kw-300kw 301kw- over JICA 14

31 ANZ ANZ Western Union Building Act the National Building Code of Kiribati Standard Concrete Industries University of the South Pacific 15

32 HDGHIDEGAS HDG 16

33 5 10 JCI-SC () 1/5 1/10 17

34 HDG HDG ( ) ( ). HDG ( ) HDG HDG 18

35 )( ) HDG ( ) HDG HDG Te Atinimarawa Co Ltd HDG k 33 52, k 29 9,900 26k k 1,200 JICA HDG 19

36 - HDG PR () HDG () - 20

37 KAP HDG KAP HDG - 21

38 - HDG HDG - RC 22

39 HDG 1 HDG 2 HDG +HDG +HDG HDG HDG

40 +HDGN/mm2 () 30N/mm 2 (BB) HDG + JICA /mm HDG A 10 HDG B Mass change 5 HDG A 10 HDG B JICA 24

41 a(oh)2 3 ( ) JICA 25

42 KAP 45 HDG KAP KAP KAP 26

43 JICA JICA 27

44 OJT - () 28

45 29

46 () N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 HDG 30

47 kg HDG. JICA 31

48 ( ) ) HDG,HDG 1/10 2 CO2 CO2 12 CO JICA HDG HDG(11/14-1- ) HDG mg/l) Cd Pd Cr+6 As Hg Se F B JICA 32

49 ( ) Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management JICA 33

50 NDRMO NDRMC NDRMC / NGO Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management JICA 34

51 National Disaster Risk Management Plan January2012 National Activation System National Disaster Risk Management Plan January2012 JICA 35

52 () MOLADI HDG MOLADI ++ + MOLADI HP JICA MOLADI 36

53 HDG HDG ( ) / JICA 37

54 KDP - HDG P HDG OJT( ) 38

55 (PWD ) HDG A.OJT( ) A. JICA 39

56 KAPKAP HDG KAP HDG JICA 40

57 ODA HDG OJT ODA HDG HDG 41

58 OJT Nanteitera causeway JICA 42

59 Nanteitera causeway Nanteitera causeway JICA 43

60 HDG C/P 1 HDG 2 C/P 3 HDG 1-1 PDCA PDCA HDG 2-3 OJT HDG PR JICA PlanDoCheckAction 44

61 JICA 45

62 JICA JICA 46

63 JICA 47

64 JICA JICA 48

65 PDCA PDCA JICA JICA 49

66 JICA 50

67 HDG HDG Te Atinimarawa Co Ltd HDG IDES_ 51

68 38 OJT KJIP HDG kg HDG HDG HDG HDGHDG-B HDG /2 HDG-B HDG ODA 52

69 Nanteitera causeway BAIRIKI BONRIKI JICA BAIRIKI BONRIKI JICA 53

70 Environment (Amendment) Act 2007 Environmental License MELAD ECD EIA Basic EIA BEIA Comprehensive EIA CEIA 2 CEIA EIA TOR EIA Review Committee BEIA CEIA MELAD EIA MELAD BEIA( EIA EIA MELAD F/S FMC EIA JICA 54

71 BEIA CEIA CEIA BEIA EIA BEIA CEIA CEIA EIA JICA JICA BEIA CEIA JICA B 55

72 EIA PIC JICA 56

73 Seawall. JICA JICA 57

74 JICA 58

75 A+/- B+/- C+/- D A- B- C- 3 59

76 MELAD JICA JICA ODA PPE EMP EMP EMP 60

77 61 JICA

78 JICA 62

79 - 63

80 - 64

81 - 65

82 HDG km GCF HDG

83 CATEGORIZED PROJECT FOR SOUTH TARAWA SEAWALL FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK TO 2016 Ref: Site Name Purpose Location A EXTRACTED TOP 7 PRIORITIES 1 Religious Church Teaoraereke (lagoon side) To protect public mainroad MCD collapsed new seawall 2 KAPII- Rebuild of collapse section Nanteitera To protect public mainroad Near eroded mainroad 3 KAPII East seawall, Korobu To protect public mainroad Opposite Mataburo mwaneaba/banraeaba 4 Tengaruru seawall (UTB) To protect public mainroad Eroded main road east of DNC seawall 5 Korobu seawall, incomplete sandbag wall To protect public mainroad Eroded road, West of KAPII seawall, Korobu 6 MPWU/Secretary - Tie house Bairiki (Taatu resi..) To protect KHC building Taatu resident/bairiki adjacent to St Anne 7 KHC - ocean side site 1 To protect Toilet block & KHC building Boriin,Toilet block B EXTRACTED PRIORITIES 1 Reinforced concrete retaining wall To protect roads, hospital and KHC buildings From landfill to Betio hospital to KHC buildings 2 KHC - Lagoon side (Kano, Koria) To protect KHC building Adjacent to KHC Headquarters, Betio 3 KHC - Tekaie Ititaake seawall To protect KHC building Lagoon side of Ueen Te Rooti campus 4 KHC - Teurakai Ukenio seawall To protect KHC building Lagoon side of Ueen Te Rooti campus 5 KHC - (Roreti. Eritai) Near Teurakai residence To protect KHC building 6 Tiarite Kwong Tie house Takoronga Betio To protect Government buildings 7 Eita, Tebuto village To protect public mainroad Opposite Ana Ekaretia Kristo, Tabon Eita 8 Antebuka opposite west to LMTA Gas Station 9 Nanteitera Transmitter 10 Tabon te katii (Continuation from Toilet block work 11 Eita, Mormon High School 12 Eita Highest point 13 Steward Causeway 14 Ananau Causeway (Extension) To protect public mainroad Ananau causeway cut/off to prevent further erosion 15 Ananau Causeway - Repair work To maintain the existing seawall done by Macdow Ananau causeway 16 Taotin main store (lagoon side) To protect public mainroad East of Taotin Headquarters, Teaoraereke 17 Antemai seawall To protect public mainroad Opposite LMTA 18 Red Beach To protect feeder road Eroded feeder road, near Biita Meauke's resd 19 KHC - Tooni Tie house seawall Takoronga Betio To protect KHC building 20 Nanteitera west (lagoon side) To protect public mainroad Eroded new road, adjacent to MCD seawall (BIRIKI 21 Antoinne seawall To protect KHC building Lagoon side of Ueen te rooti, Betio 22 Anderson Causeway To protect public mainroad West of new extension, Ocean side KAP 23 Taaken Bairiki seawall To protect the school Ocean side of Taaken Bairiki Pri. School 24 Police High Commissioner Tie house To protect Government buildings Takoronga Betio 25 Rimeta Tie house To protect Government buildings Takoronga Betio 26 Nippon causeway Betio side1 15m long Collapsed revetment close to bridge laggon side Collapsed revetment at ocean side 27 Nippon causeway Bairiki side2 60m long To protect Nippon causewa Collapsed revetment at ocean side 28 Nippon causeway Bairki side 1 38 m long To protect Nippon causewa Collapsed revetment at ocean side 29 Nippon causeway Bairiki side 3 To protect Nippon causewa Collapsed revetment at ocean side 30 Nippon causeway Bairiki side 4 To protect Nippon causewa Collapsed revetment at ocean side 31 Nippon causeway Bairiki side5 47m long To protect Nippon causewa To protect Nippon causewa 32 OB seawall To protect Government buildings Ocean side of OB office 33 Ambo community seawall To protect community from erosion Lagoon side of Taiwan fishpond 34 Tebikenikoora To protect community from further erosion Tebikenikoora, Eita ( 35 KHC - ocean side site 2 To protect KHC building Opposite TKL office, Tabon Temakin, Betio 36 Abaunamou seawall repair work To protect school buildings Ocean side of Primary School, Teaoraereke 37 Anderson causeway revetment extension work To protect Anderson causeway Ocean side of the causeway towards Nanikaai KAP 38 Anderson repair work to revetment To protect Anderson causeway Ocean side of the causeway towards Nanikaai KAP 39 Bareaumai Primary School Seawall To protect school buildings Bonriki 40 Bikenibeu West Primary School seawall To protect school buildings Primary School Compound, Bikenibeu West 41 CB Primary School Seawall To protect school buildings Ocean side of Primary School, Bikenibeu 42 Ministry of Education and KGV & EBS seawall To protect school buildings Ocean side of the Ministry & School compound 43 Nanteitera causeway seawall repair work To protect the road Nanteitera causeway 44 Nawerewere seawall site 1 To protect hospital buildings and road Ocean side of Nawerewere Central hospital 45 Nawerewere seawall site 2 To protect hospital buildings and road Ocean side of Nawerewere Central hospital 46 KUC Riburibu seawall To protect KUC Riburibu Maneaba Lagoon side of the compound 47 Special school seawall To protect school buildings Bikenibeu 48 Terurubao Primary School seawall To protect school buildings Bairiki 49 Toamatoa community seawall To protect community buildings Nanikaai 50 TUC JSS seawall To protect school buildings Bikenibeu JICA 67

84 HDG 68

85 Tokaraetina K Trading - HDG Tokaraetina K Trading HDG HDG HDG - N/mm2 69

86 5 50m 20 5 / m JICA HDG JICA HDG HDG HDG HDG 70

87 $45 $45 $30 $40 $45 JICA 71

88 HDG k 33 52, k 29 9, k 1,200 JICA HP HDG HDG HDG 72

89 HDG HDG JICA 73

90 HDG HDG HDG HDG HDG HDG HDG JICA HDG JICA 74

91 JICA ()() 5,901 19,670 29,505 39,340 49,175 2,950 5,900 8,850 11,800 14, ,440 4,300 5,160 6,020 9,711 29,010 42,655 56,300 69,945 JICA HDG () 1,758 5,080 7,620 10,160 12, ,000 3,750 4,500 5,250 2,508 8,080 11,370 14,660 17, JICA

92 HDG () ( ) JICA JICA () 2,800 2,828 2,856 3,708 3, ,100 2,727 3,978 4,017 3,200 4,928 5,583 7,686 7,761 JICA 76

93 () ,346 4,071 5,957 7,855 9, ,295 1,708 2, ,655 15,368 19, ,301 3,367 4,440 5, ,025 1, ,655 3,885 5,123 6, ,053 3,004 3,961 4,907 7,059 17,275 25,278 33,332 41,285 JICA () ,200 4,928 5,583 7,686 7, ,770 2,590 3,415 4, ,700 3,700 4,800 5, JICA 77

94 () ,711 29,010 42,655 56,300 69,945 7,059 17,275 25,278 33,332 41,285 2,652 11,735 17,377 22,968 28,660 3,200 4,928 5,583 7,686 7, ,770 2,590 3,415 4, ,700 3,700 4,800 5, , ,510 4,811 8, , ,510 4,811 8,589 JICA 78

95 HDG HDG 79

96 BTK TK Taneti Maamau HDG HDG HDG 3 80

97 Summary Feasibility Survey with the Private Sector for Utilizing Japanese Technologies in ODA Projects Feasibility Survey for an Application of Hydraulic Solidifying Cement "Haidegas" to Climate Change Countermeasures 1. Surveyed Country and its Situation The Republic of Kiribati (Hereinafter as Kiribati) is an island nation located in the Central Pacific Islands spreading across Micronesia and Polynesia. The country consists of 32 atolls and one raised coral island dispersed within its Exclusive Economic Zone over 3.5 million square kilometres, 800km from its north to south and 3,200km from its east to west, straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line to the east Kiribati consists of the three regions such as Gilbert Islands (17 islands), Phoenix Islands (7 atolls, 1 island) Line Islands (5 atolls, 3 islands) Total population is 103,000 people (2010 national census) and 91% of people live in the Gilbert Islands. The capital of Kiribati is South Tarawa, which has the parliament, cabinet and judiciary. Climate change has caused many disasters and intensified them, including sea level rise, cyclone and high tide, which also has effected a secondary disaster including serious water shortage. 2. Outline of the Proposed Product/Technology Feasibility and its Overseas Marketing Policy Seawall construction is urgently needed due to the serious damages caused by the disasters including cyclone and high tide. Seawalls in Kiribati are constructed by mixing the aggregates contained salt and sea water, as fresh water supply is limited, thus, kept for drinking purpose, and also to save the cost of the construction. This condition makes the seawalls in Kiribati less durable. The government of Kiribati recognises this problem and is seeking construction of more durable seawalls. Hashikanpura Ltd and Dobokuchishitu Ltd have decided to collaborate in marketing the HDG concrete to the overseas market after seeing that it has potential market in the atoll island nations. The atoll island nations have limited water resources, thus, it was considered there may be a demand for HDG concrete that can be used with seawater for construction and repair of seawalls and as building material. 3. Outcome of the Feasibility Survey for the Proposed Product/Technology Utilizing in ODA Projects Two main terms of references of this survey are: 1. To confirm the feasibility of HDG concrete production in Kiribati (adaptability, efficiency), and 2. To examine the possibility of smooth implementation of the HDG seawall construction plan (possibility survey). Three visits to Kiribati have been made for the field survey. The feasibility survey of the HDG concrete production in Kiribati was focused on the compatibility of the HDG concrete with the locally available aggregates and see if it can cater local needs. The mix ratio of HDG in Kiribati was investigated, and conducted the various types 81

98 of test using local (Kiribati) materials in Japan. Also the demand for construction/repair of seawalls was studied and how they were assessed by interviewing authorities concerned and conducting questionnaires survey to general public. The information of seawall construction methods in Kiribati were gathered from MPWU, related organisations, questionaries survey, and the seawall construction sites inspection. The information on the damages caused by king tides and possibility of using HDG as house construction material were gathered. Table-1 Outline of Field Survey Title Period 1 st Field Survey 22/Oct/2016 (Sat) /Nov/3 (Thu) 2 nd Field Survey 14/Jan/2017 (Sat) - 29/Jan/2017 (Sun) 3 rd Field Survey 15/Apr/2017 (Sat) - 27/Apr/2017 (Thu) Made by JICA Survey Mission Adaptability of HDG Seawalls in Kiribati are considered less durable due to its aggregates used contain sea water and salt, with assumption of 5-10 years durability. As the HDG concrete enables construction of the seawall with higher durability, it may be able to receive support in Kiribati. Effectiveness Coral sand samples were brought to Japan from Kiribati to conduct compressive strength test and sulphuric acid deterioration test using HDG and blast fume slug mixed samples. As a result, it was confirmed the sample has more than 30N/mm2 compressive strength at material age of 28 days, and deterioration performance is more than 5 times higher than conventional cement concrete (deterioration speed is 5 times slower than the conventional cement concrete). It was confirmed therefore that the HDG concrete mixed with local aggregates and seawater in Kiribati can be more durable against deterioration Economic Efficiency HDG cement per 1kg costs 3.40 times more than the cement available in Kiribati, and the HDG concrete costs 3 times more than the cement concrete in Kiribati in 1m 3. However, its durability is more than 5 times. This means longer useful life and lower life-cycle cost. Figure-3 indicates the age of the seawall (reconstruction of seawall after 15 years for conventional concrete vs More than 50 years with the HDG concrete). The life-cycle cost is expected to be more than 50% lesser than the conventional concrete in Kiribati. Practicality 82

99 There are no design specifications (ground plan/cross section) for construction of conventional sand bag seawalls. Newly introduced seawall, mass concrete type, has a standard drawing only to refer to for its construction. There are some examples that seawalls were built over a tree. This indicates they were constructed without checking the site topography, geological condition, surveying. Performance of the HDG concrete may be hindered by lack work experience in seawall construction and quality control knowledge among the on-site workers, even though the HDG concrete can build more durable seawall. For constructing seawall using the HDG concrete, enhancing the technical ability of MPWU and the on-site workers is needed. In order to solve the abovementioned possible hurdles, the following measurements are needed: The On-Job-Training (OJT) will be carried out to enhance experience in proper seawall construction. The OJT plan will be made in collaboration with those who concern. Technical workshop will be carried out to enhance skills and techniques of the on-site supervisor. Seawall integrated with tree seawall integrated with tree Picture-1 Seawall Constructed by Referring to a Standard Drawing Only (Seawall integrated with base or concrete) 83

100 Poor mixing (honeycomb) Gaps at the joint of the concrete form caused slopes. Overusing of old concrete form caused gaps. The gaps filled with paper, when it melts, the gaps goes to cavity and weak point. Picture-2 Defect Sample 84

101 . 4. Proposal for Formulating ODA Project As discussed above, the HDG concrete has a great local adaptability and effectiveness. The project should include the seawall construction using the HDG concrete, making the seawall construction plan by OJT targeted on the engineers of MPWU providing the lectures for on-site workers. Table-2 The Project Plan (aim, action, expected result) Aim Proving superiority of the HDG concrete quantitatively by building the HDG concrete seawall as well as to and to prepare for future operation by strengthening institution of the counterpart through enhancing human resource for construction of quality seawalls. Expected Result Action Result 1: Superiority of the HDG concrete seawall is proven Result 2: Enhanced human resource for construction of quality infrastructure and institution of the counterpart is strengthened for the maintenance capability Result 3: Increased recognition of the HDG concrete made seawall and business operation plan is ready NB: PCDA Cycle=Plan, Do, Check, Act Cycle 1.1 Seawall construction (Divided into two sections) Identifying the problems and its solutions at the time of construction by PDCA Cycle, with an aim of improvement to construction and its quality. 1.2 Preparation of the seawall construction plan To construct high quality seawall at other locations 1.3 Verification of the superiority over the conventional concrete made seawalls quantitatively 2.1 Seawall construction by PDCA Cycle Dividing into 2 sections, identifying the problems and its solution of the seawall design and construction by engineers and on-site workers. 2.2 Holding a technical workshop for supervisors and construction companies. Planning of the workshop contents (Process/methods/important notes/handling of HDG) will be conducted when the above 1-1 starts. 2.3 Preparing the construction plan through OJT Providing the opportunity of learning a series of work including planning, simple field test, design policy, design, and costing. At the planning step, the cost and the expected degree of damages caused by the natural disaster will be assessed, instead of building the seawall at the designated site randomly. 2.4 Preparation of the manual and instruction book/workshop Providing the lecture for the companies who participated in the workshop held by MPWU. This lecture will be specialised in the technique of the seawall construction, and aiming at the technical improvement of the construction industry 3.1 Promotion to the private sector by opening the construction site during the construction work to the general public. HDG promotion to the private seawall owners and constructing companies Made by JICA survey mission 85

102 Period & Construction cost Period: 2 years and 3 months Cost of seawall construction: Approximately 33 million yen Equipment cost: Approximately 5 million yen Subcontracting cost: Approximately 6 million yen Construction structure seawall recurved parapet Nanteitera causeway Total length 86m New section seawall recurved parapet Recurved parapet BAIRIKI Main road Renewal section BONRIKI Made by JICA survey mission Figure Outline of Seawall Construction 5. Detailed Plan of the Business Operation Table-3 Schedule for the Business Operation Period During Verification Survey 2 years after Verification Survey 3-4years after Verification Survey 4-5 years after Verification Survey Activities At the same time of the pilot survey, launching of the HDG marketing operation to the private seawall owners by collaborating with the government owned sea sand enterprise. Marketing to Kiribati Housing Corporation. Marketing to Kiribati s development partners Enhancing the sales outcome as privately owned seawall construction and house building materials in Kiribati. Commencing marketing to Marshall Islands and approach to the Pacific Islands Centre. Launching the sales operation in Marshall Islands Made by JICA Survey Mission 86

103 6. Expected Developmental Effects Marketing the HDG concrete for seawall construction can assist reduction of the life-cycle cost of seawalls, and facilitate more public and private seawall construction in Kiribati. This will allow resilience, thus, confidence, against natural disasters caused by climate change such as severe coastal erosion in Kiribati and other atoll nations. The effect of this resilience will assist the desire of most of the people in Kiribati; continue to live in Kiribati. It can also reduce the risks of the emigration to other country that may cause conflicts with the residents in the host countries. 87

104 Figure 2 Frame of the Survey 88