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1

2 GTAP-E EU EU

3

4 HFCsPFCsSF ,000 t-co2 12 2,900 t-co2 % CO CO2 N2O 2.5 CO2 EU 51US$/t-CO2 89US$/t-CO2 93US$/t-CO CO2 1

5 Hamasaki (2002) US$/CO2-tonne 93 89EU: COP

6 3

7 I (static view) Clean Air Act (Lee Iacocca) 1975 Anderson (2001) + + 4

8 (University of New South Wales) (Dr. Truong P. Truong) GTAP-E 5 GTAP-E GTAP(Global Trade Analysis Project) GTAP 6 (Purdue University) (Prof. Thomas Hertel) Center for Global Trade Analysis GTAP GTAP-E Hamasaki and Truong (2001), The Costs of Green House Gas Emission Reductions in the Japanese Economy - An Investigation Using the GTAP-E Model 6 GTAP

9 (JI) (CDM) (IET) EU GTAP-E EU 20.7US$/t-CO2EU 16.0US$/t-CO2 EU EU 6.80 EU (I_S) (CRP) EU (I_S) (CRP) EU EU 6

10 2 EU 3 (I_S) (CRP) 20.8US$/t-CO2EU16.4US$/t-CO (I_S) (CRP) 7

11 EU EU (I_S) (CRP) 1 2

12 2 9

13 GTAP-E GTAP-E jr ao t ava jrt { } af ijr QVA e QF e t jr QO e min, = 1 jr ijr QO jr r j QVA jr r j QF ijr r j i ao jr r j ava jr r j af ijr r j i 1 ao jr ao I_S GRP ao jr jr 3 GTAP-E 10

14 1970 (Best Available Technology) (end-of-pipe) 8 (Porter and Linde, 1995) 1 (End-of-pipe: EOP)) 2 (Cleaner Technology: CT) 2 3-1EOP EOP 8 11

15 EOP EOP EOP EOP 3-2 (Cleaner TechnologyCT) 12

16 EOP CT CT EOP 13

17 EOP EOP EOP EOP CT 14

18 EOP

19 (Climate Change Levy)

20 Battle McCarthy Carbon Club ( 17

21 GDP CO ACEEE MW PV News CO 18

22 120MW 171MW 50MW ,824MW 17 kwh 45 19

23 20

24 MW MW % 10.8% 99 21

25 Clean Air Act EU Pew Center (2002) 22

26 14 Pew Center (2002) ,000 7,000 t- CO CleanAir Canada PERT CCX Chicago Climate Exchange CO2 15 Pew Center on Global Climate Change (2002), The Emerging International Greenhouse Gas Market. 16 1,000 t- CO2 Cohn & Drazilov (2002) 70 8,500 t- CO2 17 Partnership for Climate ActionEnvironmental Defense, Alcan, BP, DuPont, Ontario Power Generation, Pechiney, Shell, Suncor, Entergy, PEMEX Emissions Market Development GroupArthur Andersen, Credit Lyonnais, Natsource, Swiss Re 23

27 CCX Environmental Financial Products L.L.C NPO 51 EU CCX 18 Richard L. Sandor Environmental Financial Products L.L.C. CEO %GDP

28 CCX CCX 20 CDM 25

29 2002 Triodos Bank , , Future Forest Face Foundation CO2 Triodos Climate Clearing House 21 ethical bank (Rabobank)ASN Co-operative Bank 26

30 ESCO

31 ESCO ESCO 23 ESCO NPO Climate Neutral Network Future Forest CO2 CO ESCO ESCO 24 ESCO Future Forest Climate Neutral Network Climate Cool Future Forest Carbon Neutral 28

32

33 CDM/JI 30

34 Berkhout, F., J. Hertin, et al. (2001). "Socio-economic futures in climate change impact assessment: using scenarios as 'learning machines'." Norwitch, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. BTM Consult ApS (2002). "International Wind Energy Development: World Market Update 2001" Burniaux, J.-M. and T. P. Truong (2002). "GTAP-E: An Energy-Environment Version of the GTAP Model", GTAP Technical Paper No.16. Esty, D. C. and M. Porter (2002). "Ranking National Environmental Regulation and Performance: A Leading Indicator of Future Competitiveness", The Global Competitiveness Report Oxford, Oxford University Press: Hamasaki, H. (2002). "The Economic and Environmental Impact of the US Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol", 5th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Taipei, Taiwan. Hamasaki, H. and T. P. Truong (2001). "The Costs of Green House Gas Emission Reductions in the Japanese Economy - An Investigation Using the GTAP-E Model", 4th Annual Conference on Global Trade Analysis, Inidiana, the US. Hamasaki, H. and T. P. Truong (2002). "The Costs of Green House Gas Emission Reductions in the European and Japanese Economies under Mixed Emission Trading Regimes", 5th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Taipei, Taiwan. Hertin, J. and F. Berkhout (2001). "Ecological modernisation and EU environmental policy integration", Brighton, University of Sussex. Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology and the Fabian Society (2001).." Innovation and the Environment: Challenges & Policy Options for the UK". New England Governors/Eastern Canadian Premiers (2001). "Climate Change Action Plan 2001". Pew Center on Global Climate Change (2002). "The Emerging International Greenhouse Gas Market". Porter, M. and C. van der Linde (1995). "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate", Harvard Business Review September-October 1995: p Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) (2000). "Cleaning Up? -Stimulating Innovation in Environmental Technology-", London, the UK. PV Energy Systems, Inc. (2002). PV News February

35 Triodos Bank NV (2002). Annual Accounts

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