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1 32: (2008), F1 Bombyx mori 1968; 1988 F1 Bombyx mandarina OHMURA, OHMURA, Bombyx mori mori Bombyx mori mandarina CRAIG et al., 2002 RNA rdna 1 5.8S rrna EcoRI 2 MAEKAWA et al., 1988 PCR EcoRI rdna rdna KAWAGUCHI, 1928 MAEKAWA et al., 1988 F1 2A, 2B KAWANISHI et al., 2008b F4 hidemae@comb.u-ryukyu.ac.jp 79

2 GAGE, 1974 ; TSUCHIDA et al., C, 2D KAWANISHI et al., 2008b BROWN et al ZIMMMAR et al KAWANISHI et al., 2008b concerted evolution 5.8SrRNA PCR NEI et al rdna homogenization DOVER, 1982; POLANCO et al., rdna 2 rdna rdna 10.6 kb 5.8S 18S PCR 3.3 kb EcoRI 2.5 kb 0.8 kb A B C D rdna KAWANISHI et al. 2008b 4 rdna rdna 300 MAEKAWA et al., SASAKI, KAWAGUCHI, M 3 #11 M 2 FUJIMOTO, rdna rdna N

3 6 KAWAGUCHI, 1928; Cecropia-ITR-MLE MURAKAMI and I MAI, 1974) BANNO et al M #14 #27 #28 MLE 8 27 ROBERTSON, 1993; 5 KAWANISHI et al., 2008b NAKAMURA LAMPE et al., 1999 et al., 1999 rdna 2 28 NAKAMURA et MLE al., 1999 rdna 8A MLE 5 rdna MLE rdna MLE 7 MLE KAWANISHI et al., 2008b NAKAJIMA et al., 1998 MLE 1969 ITR PCR Cecropia-ITR-MLE 8B NAKAJIMA et al., 2002; NAKAJIMA et al., KAWANISHI et al., 2007 MLE 27 rdna Cecropia-ITR-MLE 6 M #14 #27 #28 1 MLE MLE PCR PCR ITR rdna 81

4 BmTNML rdna MLE BMC1 MLE NAKAJIMA et al., 1999 BMC1 KAWANISHI et al., mat BmamaT1 11B KAWANISHI et al., 2008a BmTNML BmamaT1 ITR MLE ITR 11 BmTNML MLE L1Bm BMC1 FISH 1 BmTNML BMC1 BmmaT1 mat 12 BmamaT1 BmamaT1 10 ITR MLE 9 ITR-MLE BmTNML 2 L1Bm ICHIMURA et al., 1997 BMC1 OGURA et al., 1994 MLE BmTNML 11A NAKAJIMA et al., 1999 BAC FISH SAHARA, 12 BmmaT1 1 MLE BmTNML KAWANISHI et al., 2008a NJ BmTNML BmmaT1 KAWANISHI et al. 2008a 82

5 MLE MLE MLE MLE KAWANISHI et al., MLE m 1500m 1,000 m 1 14 MLE Cecropia-ITR-MLE BmamaT1 MLE MLE ) 15C 16E 15A 15B 16A 16B 16C 16D 16F 13 BmmaT1 ITR-MLE MLE 2001 mat 83

6 BANNO, Y., NAKAMURA, T., NAGASHIMA, E., FUJII, H. and DOIRA, H. (2004) M chromosome of the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina (n=27), corresponds to two chromosomes in the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori (n=28). Genome, 47, BROWN, D.D., WENSINK, P.C. and JORDAN, E. (1972) A comparison of the ribosomal DNAs of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri: Evolution of tandem genes. J. Mol. Biol., 63, CRAIG, N.L., CRAIGIE, R., GELLERT, M. and LAMBOWITZ, A.M. (2002) Mobile DNA II. eds. Craig, Craigie, Gellert and Lambowitz, ASM Press, pp1-1204, Washington DC. DOVER, G.A. (1982) Molecular drive: A cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature, 299, EICKBUSH, T. and ROBINS, B. (1985) Bombyx mori 28S rrna genes contain insertion elements similar to the 15 A B C Type I and II elements of Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J., 4, FUJIMOTO, H., HIRUKAWA, Y., TANI, H., MATSUURA, Y., HASHIDO, K., T SUCHIDA, K., TAKADA, N., KOBAYASHI, M. and MAEKAWA, H. (2004) Integration of the 5 end of the retrotransposon, R2Bm, can be complemented by homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res., 32, FUJIWARA, H., OGURA, T., TAKADA, N., MIYAJIMA, N., ISHIKAWA, H. and MAEKAWA, H. (1984) Introns and their flanking sequence of Bombyx mori rdna. Nucleic Acids Res., 12, FUJIWARA, H., MAEKAWA, H., NINAKI, O., TAKADA, O., MIYAJIMA, O. and ISHIKAWA, H. (1987) Comparative studies on the rdna of the silkworm, Bombyx mori and its presumed ancestor. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 16 A B C D E F 88B, GAGE, L.P. (1974) Polyploidization of the silk gland of Bombyx mori. J. Mol. Biol., 86, ICHIMURA, S., MITA, K. and SUGAYA, K. (1997) A major Non-LTR Retrotransposon of Bombyx mori, L1Bm. J. Mol. Evol., 45, IMAI, T.H., ROSS, H.C. and ROBERT, W.T. (1977) Karyotype evolution in Australian ants. Chromosoma, 59, pp KAWAGUCHI, E. (1928) Zytrogishe Untersuchungen am Seidenspinner und seinen Verwandten. I. Gametogenese von Bombyx mori L und B. mandarina M. und ihrer Bastarde. Z. Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat., 7,

7 KAWANISHI, Y., TAKAISHI, R., BANNO, Y., FUJIMOTO, H., NHO, S. K., MAEKAWA, H., and NAKAJIMA, Y. (2007) Sequence Comparison of mariner-like elements among the populations of Bombyx mandarina inhabiting China, Korea and Japan. J. Insect Biotechnol. Sericol., 76, KAWANISHI, Y., TAKAISHI, R., MORIMOTO, M., BANNO, Y., NHO, S.K., M AEKAWA, H. and NAKAJIMA, Y. ( 2008a) A novel mat-type transposable element, BmamaT1, in Bombyx mandarina, homologous to the B. mori mariner-like element Bmmar6. J. Insect Biotechnol. Sericol. (in press) KAWANISHI, Y., BANNO, Y., FUJIMOTO, H., NHO, S.K., TU, Z., MITA, K., TSUCHIDA, K., TAKADA, N., MAEKAWA, H. and NAKAJIMA, Y. (2008b) Method for rapid distinction of Bombyx mandarina (Japan) from B. mandarina (China) based on rdna sequence differences. J. Insect Biotechnol. Sericol. (in press) MAEKAWA, H. (2002) Possible horizontal transfer of mariner-like sequences into some invertebrates including lepidopteran insects, grasshopper and a coral. J. Inscet Bioetech. Sericol., 71, NAKAJIMA, Y., NAKAMURA, T., BANNO, Y., FUJIMOTO, H., HASHIDO, K., TSUCHIDA, K., TAKADA, N. and MAEKAWA, H. (2003) Comparison of mariner-like elements among Bombyx mandarina individuals inhabiting East Asia in the light of the segregation of B. mori and B. mandarina genomes. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk, 8, NAKAMURA, T., BANNO, Y., NAKADA, T., NHO, S.K., XU, M.K., UEDA, K., KAWARABATA, T., KAWAGUCHI and KOGA, K. (1999) Geographic dimorphism of the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, in the chromosome number and the occurrence of a retrotransposon-like insertion in the arylphorin gene. Genome, 42, NEI, M. and ROONEY, A.P. (2005) Concerted and birthand-death evolution of multigene families. Annu. Rev. A 2 Genet., 39, pp OGURA, T., OKANO, K., TSUCHIDA, K., MIYAJIMA, N., TA- NAKA, H., TAKADA, H., IZUMI, S., TOMINO, S. and MAEKAWA, H. (1994) A defective non-ltr retrotransposon is dispersed throughout the genome of the 2002 silkworm, Bombyx mori. Chromosoma 103, pp LAMPE, D.J., A KERLEY, B.J., R UBIN, E.J., MEKALANOS, J.J. and R OBERTSON, H.M. (1999) Hyperactive transposase, 13, (2006) mutants of the Himar1 mariner transposon. Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 96, MAEKAWA, H., TAKADA, N., MIKITANI, K., OGURA, T., MIYAJIMA, N., FUJIWARA, H., KOBAYASHI, M. and NINAKI, O. (1988) Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm. B. mori. Chromosoma, 96, MURAKAMI, A. and IMAI, H. (1974) Cytological evidence for horocentric chromosomes of the silkworms, Bombyx mori and B. mandarina (Bombycidae, Lepidoputera). Chromosoma, 47, NAKAJIMA, Y., HASHIDO, K., SHIINO, T., HAYASHI, T., TSU- CHIDA, K., NAGAMINE, M. and MAEKAWA, H. (1998) Isolation of mariner-like sequence containing a complete open reading frame for transposase from Attacus atlas and its phylogenetic relationships within the 21 COE pp2-15 POLANCO, C., GONZALEZ, A.I., DE LA FUENTE, A. and DOVER, G.A. (1998) Multigene family of ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster reveals contrasting patterns of homogenization for IGS and ITS spacer regions: a possible mechanism to resolve this paradox. Genetics, 149, ROBERTSON, H.M. (1993) The mariner transposable element is widespread in insects. Nature, 362, SASAKI, C. (1898) On the affinity of our wild and domestic silkworms. Ann. Zool.Jpn., 2, (1969). p137. Ditrysia of Lepidoptera. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 67, 271- TSUCHIDA, K., MIYAJIMA, N., KAMEOKA, Y., TAKADA, N and M AEKAWA, H. (1995) Determing gene location on NAKAJIMA, Y., HASHIDO, K., TSUCHIDA, K., TAKADA, N., SHIINO, T. and MAEKAWA, H. (1999) A novel tripartite structure comprising a mariner-like element and two additional retrotransposons found in the Bombyx mori genome. J. Mol. Evol., 48, NAKAJIMA, Y., FUJIMOTO, H., NEGISHI, T., HASHIDO, K., SHIINO, T., TSUCHIDA, K., HIDAKA, M., TAKADA, N. and chromosomes of Bombyx mori using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 30, pp , 37,

8 1988 and WILSON, A.C. (1980) Rapid duplication and loss pp. 1- of genes coding for the chains of hemoglobin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, ZIMMER, E., MARTIN, S.L., BEVERLEY, S.M., KAN, Y.W. 86

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