A Numerical Study on Early Stage of Flame Kernel Development in Spark Ignition Process for Methane/Air Combustible Mixtures Shinji NAKAYA*6, Kazuo HAT

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1 A Numerical Study on Early Stage of Flame Kernel Development in Spark Ignition Process for Methane/Air Combustible Mixtures Shinji NAKAYA*6, Kazuo HATORI, Mitsuhiro TSUE, Michikata KONO, Daisuke SEGAWA and Toshikazu KADOTA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan A numerical analysis with a detail description of flow dynamics and chemical kinetics on the effect of the equivalence ratio of methane/air mixtures on the minimum ignition energy is carried out. In the early stage, the behavior of the flame kernel is dominated by a flow which is induced by the blast wave. Although a high temperature gas, which spurts out from the electrode gap, quenches, the gas at the electrode gap is self-sustained with an application of small ignition energy near the minimum. After a certain period of time, the flame kernel gradually grows out of the electrode gap. In the case of high-energy application, hot gas region, which spurts out from the electrode gap, doesn't quenches and propagatable flame kernel is formed at the early stage of spark ignition process. The local equivalence ratio at the electrode gap is larger than that in the outer region with an application of small energy although its effect is not so strong in an application of high energy. In addition, calculated profile of the minimum ignition energy as a function of the equivalence ratio for methane-air mixtures shows a minimum value below the equialence ratio of 1.0. An effect of preferential diffusion for lighter molecules is confirmed. Key Words : Spark Ignition, Chemical Reaction, Preferential Diffusion, Blast Wave

2

3 Fig. 1 Distribution of numerical grids. Fig. 3 Minimum ignition energy as a function of methane concentration Fig. 2 History of OH mass integrated through numerical region

4 Fig. 4 Distribution fields of density and velocity vector for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy=0.4764mj. Fig. 5 Distribution fields of density and velocity vector for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy=45.73mj.

5 Fig. 6 Distribution fields of temperature for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= mJ. Fig. 7 Distribution fields of temperature for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= 45.73mJ.

6 Fig. 8 Distribution fields of OH radical for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= mJ. Fig. 10 Distribution fields of local equivalence ratio for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= 45.73mJ. Fig. 9 Distribution fields of OH radical for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= 45.73mJ.

7 Fig. 11 Distribution fields of local equivalence ratio for methane-air mixture. Ignition energy= mj. (1) Kono, M., Niu, K., Tsukamoto, T. and Ujiie, Y., Mechanism of flame kernel formation produced by short duration sparks, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.22, (1988), pp (2) Ishii, K., Tsukamoto, T., Ujiie, Y. and Kono, M., Analysis of ignition mechanism of combustible mixtures by composite sparks, Combustion and Flame, Vol.91, (1992), pp (3) Kono, M., Kumagai, S. and Sakai, T., The optimum condition for ignition of gases by composite sparks, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.16, (1977), pp (4) Sher, E. and Rafael, S, Numerical analysis of the early phase development of spark-ignited flames in CH4-Air Mixture, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.19, (1982), pp

8 (5) Bladley, D. and Lung, F.K.K., Spark ignition and the early stages of turbulent flame propagation, Combustion and Flame Vol.47, (1987), pp (6) Lim, M.T., Anderson, R.W. and Arpaci, V.S., Prediction of spark kernel development in constant volume combustion, Combustion and Flame, Vol.69, (1987), pp (7) Mary, R. and Vogel, M., Initiation and propagation of flame fronts in lean CH4-Air mixtures by the three modes of the ignition spark, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.17, (1978), pp (8) Mary, R., Ignition model for spark discharges and the early phase of flame front growth, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.18, (1980), pp (9) Kravchik, T. and Sher, H., Numerical Modeling of spark ignition and flame initiation in a quiescent methane-air mixture, Combustion and Flame, Vol.99 (1994), pp (10) Ishii, K., Aoki, O., Ujiie, Y. and Kono, M., Investigation of ignition by composite sparks under high turbulence intensity conditions, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.24, (1992), pp (11) Yuasa, T., Kadota, S., Tsue, M., Kono, M., Nomura, H. and Ujiie, Y., Effects of energy deposition schedule on minimum ignition energy in spark ignition of methane/air mixtures, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.29, (2002), pp (12) Kono, M., Hatori, K. and Iinuma, K., Investigation on ignition ability of composite sparks in flowing mixtures, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.20, (1984), pp (13) Thiele, M., Selle, S., Riedel, U., Warnatz, J. and Maas, U., Numerical simulation of spark ignition including ionization, Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, Vol.28, (2000), pp (14) Thiele, M., Warnatz, J., Dreizler, A., Lindenmaier, S., Schiebl, R., Maas, U., Grant, A. and Ewart, P., Spark ignited hydrogen/air Mixtures: Two dimensional detailed modeling and laser based diagnostics, Combustion and Flame, Vol.128, (2002), pp (15) Lewis, B. and von Elbe, G., Combustion Flames and Explosion of Gases (1987) (16) Wang, CS., and Sibulkin, M., Comparison of Minimum ignition energy for four alkanes: Effect of ignition kernel size and equivalence ratio, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol.91, (1993), pp (17) Nakaya, S., Hatoiri, K., Tsue, M., Kono, M., Segawa, D. and Kadota, T., A numerical study on the effect of the equivalence ratio of hydrogen/air or methane/air mixtures on minimum ignition energy in spark ignition process, Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series B, Vol. 72, No.715 (2006), pp (18) Yee,H., Upwind and Symmetric Shock Capturing Schemes, NASA TM 89464, NASA, (1987). (19) Oran, E.S. and Boris, J.P., Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., (2001). (20) Warnatz, J., Maas, U. and Dibble, R.W., Combustion; Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation 3rd Edition, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2000) (21) Reid, R.C., Plausnitz,J.M. and Poling, B.E. The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S., (1988)

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