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1 Advanced Network Architecture Research M. Murata 1 IP over ATM over SONET over WDM IP over SONET over WDM IP over (PPP or HDLC over) WDM IP IP ATM SONET WDM M. Murata 2

2 IP over ATM over SONET over WDM network 40IP/ 2106 M. Murata 3 1. WDM Link Network WDM 2. WDM Lightpath Network 3. Optical Burst Switching Network Tell-and-Wait (TAW) Tell-and-Go (TAG) 4. Optical Packet Switching Network over (GMPLS-based) PDU M. Murata 4

3 Cross-Connect, Switch or Router? payload header Queue Management スイッチングバッファリングクロスコネクト+GMPLS 光バーストスイッチ+GMPLS 光パケットスイッチ+GMPLS フォトニックIPルータ M. Murata 5 vs. 1/10) overprovisioning M. Murata 6

4 WDM (+GMPLS) GMPLS Deployment M. Murata 7 QoS 1. Data applications inherently try to use the bandwidth as much as possible. 2. Neither bandwidth nor delay guarantees should be expected. 3. Competed bandwidth should be fairly shared among active users. QoS QoS ATM WDM M. Murata 8

5 (RWA) WA Random, First-Fit RWA Multi-path Routing Most-Used Figure 4 in E. Karasan, E. Ayanoglu. Effects of Wavelength Routing and Selection Algorithms on Wavelength Conversion Gain in WM Optical Network, ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, April M. Murata 9 1. Connectivity (1~3) OSPF(4) M. Murata 10

6 SAN (Storage Area Network) QoS CDN QoS QoS (TCP) M. Murata 11 (1) TCP Bandwidth-Delay Product Window Scale Option [RFC1323]: 65,535 2^14 =1,073,725,440 Large Initial Window [RFC2414] Selective Ack [RFC2018] Fast Retransmit (TCP Tahoe) Fast Recovery (TCP Reno) M. Murata 12

(2) High Speed TCP Sally Floyd Internet Draft cwnd ( ) TCP cwnd (packets) High-Speed TCP TCP Source: http://www.icir.

7 (2) High Speed TCP Sally Floyd Internet Draft cwnd ( ) TCP cwnd (packets) High-Speed TCP TCP Source: M. Murata 13 TCP Overlay Network TCP SAN / NAS LAN CDN / Media Streaming TCP Trans- Ocean Mobile Satellite M. Murata 14

8 PhotonicGrid VPN) IP 1000 End-to-End Principle M. Murata 16 PhotonicGrid SAN PhotonicGrid M. Murata 17

9 End-to-End Principle J. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, D. D. Clark, End-To-End Arguments In System Design, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, R. Bush and D. Meyer, Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy, RFC 3439, December KISS: Keep it Simple, Stupid (1) (2) M. Murata 18 TCP Self-adaptability ACK (RTT) RTT RTT + (1) M M: : (7/8) ssth D D + (1) RTT M 2 0 Timeout = RTT + 4*D RTT ACK M. Murata 19 Congestion Window (KB)

10 M. Murata 20 (adaptability) M. Murata 21

Metcalf's law The value of a network increases exponentially with the number of nodes.'' N V(N) 2 V ( N ) N Web Metcalf s Law P2P P2P Preferential Attachment M.

11 Metcalf's law The value of a network increases exponentially with the number of nodes.'' N V(N) 2 V ( N ) N Web Metcalf s Law P2P P2P Preferential Attachment M. Murata 26 Power Law Network Power Law X P[X=x]=x k (Small World) AS HTML Figure 1 of Graph structure in the web, authored by Andrei Broder et al., available at M. Murata 27

12 Number of nodes (log scale) Number of links (log scale) From P2P Architecture Case Study: Gnutella M. Murata Network, authored by Matei Rîpeanu, available at pdf (adaptability) (robustness) (selfstability) (resiliency) GA (Genetic Algorithm) ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) 21COE M. Murata 31

13 Biological Internet TCP Self-Healing AS M. Murata 32 ITS) ICRF IC M. Murata 33

14 CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH M. Murata 34 Ant Routing Ant Colony Optimization Stigmergy Complex System vs. Complicated System M. Murata 35

15 Ant Routing Distance Vector Routing blocking problem short-cut problem Trial and ErrorNN GA Perturbation Tolerance Resilience M. Murata 36 (Pteroptyx Malacae, Pteroptyx Cribellata) Integrate and Fire Model (Pulse-Coupled Oscillator) dx i = S0 γ xi, 0 xi 1 dt + i() 1 j( ) min(1, j() ε ) x t = x t = x t + j i 1.0 B 1.0 B 1.0 ε A X X A X A M. Murata 0.0 φ φ φ B

16 SAN CDN vs. Robustness, Resiliency M. Murata 38

TCP T ransmission Control Protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP c /(18)

3 -- 4 1 TCP T ransmission Control Protocol 2013 12 TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP c 2013 1/(18) 3 -- 4 -- 1 1--1 TCP 2013 12 TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP TCP TCP 1981 RFC 793 Request for Comments