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1 58, OBSERVATION OF TIDAL BORES IN QIANTANG RIVER USING FLUVIAL ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM 1 XIAO-HUA ZHU Kiyosi KAWANISI, Xiao-Hua ZHU, Taiki KYUTOKU, Kazuhiko ISIKAWA, Masao IKEDA and Noriyuki MIYAMOTO ( ) ( ) Continuous measurement of flow velocity was successfully carried out at the Qiantang River estuary in China using Fluvial Acoustic Tomography System (FATS), which was comprised of a couple of 7 khz broadband omni-directional transducers. The tidal bore in the Qiantang River estuary is one of the most spectacular bores in the world. The river width and the mean depth at the experimental site, which was located around 90 km upstream from the mouth in the Hangzhou Bay, were 1200 m and around 5.5 m, respectively. The reciprocal sound transmissions were performed between the two acoustic stations located diagonally on both sides of the river; the horizontal distance between the acoustic stations was 3050 m. Heights and celerities of tidal bores were deduced from the cross-sectional average velocity v collected by the FATS. The bore heights deduced from v were comparable to those estimated from water levels near the river banks. Also, the bore celerities deduced from v were in good agreement with those estimated from the water levels. Key Words: acoustic tomography, flow velocity, streamflow, tidal bore, bore height, bore celerity FATS 1 4) FATS 5, 6) 6, 7) FATS FATS 30 khz 7kHz : : km 55, 600 km 2

2 m km/h 100 km 8, 9) km 1.2 km 7kHz GPS M W-station Zhakou E-station 20 kg W, E-station 3050 m W, E-station 10 W, E-station ADCP (1.2 MHz, Teledyne RDI Sentinel) 0.5 m 1.06 m E-station ADCP 3 3 W-station ADCP 150 JFE ATU75W W-station m ADCP 1.5 MHz, SonTek Mini-ADP, 0.25 m m -3 C I, II Q = A 1 (v 1 + C) =A 2 (v 2 + C) (1) Qρ (v 2 + C) Qρ (v 1 + C) =P 1 P 2 (2) Q (v 1,v 2 ), (A 1,A 2 ), (P 1, P 2 ) µ v 1 v 2 ( v) = 1 A s 1 1 A 2 (P 1 P 2 ) (3) A 2 ρ A 1 (A 1 A 2 ) s 1 A 2 (P 1 P 2 ) C = v 1 + (4) ρ A 1 (A 1 A 2 ) s η = v 2h 1 (h 1 + η) g (2h 1 + η) (5) s C = v 1 + (h 1 + η)(2h 1 + η) 2h 1 (6)

3 -1 W-station -4 (a) (b) (c) E-station W-station h 1 FATS v (5) η v 1 C -1 W-station 2 E-station (1) -4(a) E, W-station E, W-station m 1.3 m E, W-station 7.96 m/s 8.19 m/s -4(b) FTU 1000 FTU ppm 3-4(c) E, W-station C (2) -5 FATS (b)

4 -5 (a) (b) (c) -6 ADCP -4(c) Medwin 10) FATS -5(a) m m 21 m W-station 7mE-station 17 m E-station FATS 1 6) -5(a) -5(b) m/s 0.80 m/s m/s 1.17 m/s v 1.38 m/s 1.62 m/s -5(c) 6000 m 3 /s 9500 m 3 /s

5 -7 ADCP -8 FATS ADCP E-station -9 FATS v v E-station W-station m 3 /s ADCP E, W-station 1m ADCP - 6 E-station 30 W-station 150 1m ADCP v ADCP -7 W-station E-station v ADCP FATS 150 ADCP -5(b) FATS FATS v E-station ADCP v ADCP -8 W-station E-station ADCP ADCP v ADCP FATS FATS -10 C m FATS C e gh ADCP -8 FATS ADCP ADCP FATS v 0.1 m/s 2 v< 0.1 m/s

6 (5) (6) FATS -9 2 v η (5) FATS v E, W-station -9 (5) -10 FATS (5) (6) C e E, W-station C m C e C m ±0.02 m/s FATS m 10% (FATS) 30 1 FATS ADCP FATS 3km 1000 FTU 7 khz FATS m/s 0.80 m/s m/s 1.17 m/s v 1.38 m/s 1.62 m/s v 2 (1.09 m, 1.29 m) (7.98 m/s, 8.17 m/s) [(1.1 m, 1.3 m) (7.96 m/s, 8.19 m/s)] ADCP FATS 70% 2 2 FATS JST A-STEP 24 2 FS ( AS H ) JSPS (B) ( ) 1),, :,, Vol. 15, pp , ), M. Razaz,, :,, Vol. 53, pp , ) Kawanisi, K., Razaz, M., Kaneko, A. and Watanabe, S.: Long-term measurement of stream flow and salinity in a tidal river by the use of the fluvial acoustic tomography system, J. Hydrology, Vol. 380, No. 1-2, pp , doi: /j.jhydrol , ) :,, 11- A-5 16 pp., ) Kawanisi, K., Razaz, M., Ishikawa, K. Yano, J. and Soltaniasl, M.: Continuous measurements of flow rate in a shallow gravel-bed river by a new acoustic system, Water Resour. Res., Vol. 48, No. 5, W05547, 10 pp., doi: /2012wr012064, ) Kawanisi, K., Razaz, M., Yano, J. and Ishikawa, K.: Continuous monitoring of a dam flushinashallow river using two crossing ultrasonic transmission lines, Meas. Sci. Technol., Vol. 24, No. 5, , 10 pp., doi: / /24/5/055303, ) Razaz, M., Kawanisi, K., Nistor, I. and Sharifi, S.:An acoustic travel time method for continuous velocity monitoring in shallow tidal streams, Water Resour. Res., Vol. 49, 15 pp., doi: /wrcr.20375, ) Pan, C.-H., Lin, B.-Y. and Mao, X.-Z.: Case study: Numerical modeling of the tidal bore on the Qiantang River, J. Hydraul. Engrg., Vol. 133, No. 2, pp , doi: /(asce) (2007)133:2(130), ) Zhu, X.-H., Zhang, C., Wu, Q., Kaneko, A. and Fan, X., Li, B.: Measuring discharge in a river with tidal bores by use of the coastal acoustic tomography system, Estur.,Coast.andShelfSci.,Vol , pp , doi: /j.ecss , ) Medwin, H.: Speed of sound in water: A simple equation for realistic parameters, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 58, p. 1318,

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