教室説明会1113.ppt

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1 Presentation title 1 / 62 NO Study on the Control Methods of NOx Component in Diesel Exhaust by Combustion Control and its Application Keishi TAKADA

2 Contents 2 / 62 > > > NOxUrea-SCR NOx NOx NOx NOx Urea-SCR >

3 Background and Motivation 3 / 62 CO 2 PM emission Combustion improvement Aftertreatment NOx emission Fig. Conceptual figure of diesel emission standards ( 23 ) (NOx PM ) > >DPF PM1% >NOx 8 9% NOx, NOx NOx,

4 Previous Studies 4 / 62 Urea-SCR Johnson Matthey DOCNOx (York et al.,24) (Walker et al., 23) Ford (Ball, 21) SCR FTP-75 NOx (Tenisson et al., 24) NOx Wisconsin (ERC) n-heptane (24) KIVA-3VCHEMKIN-II HC/CO (Opat et al., 27) NOx 5bar 3MPaEGR NOx Soot (Aoyagi et al., 23~) NOx

5 Outline of Doctor Thesis 5 / 62 NOx Urea-SCR NOx (2) (3) NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx NOx (4) NOx (5) NOx Urea-SCR (6) NOx STAR-CD NOx NO Pilot Post NOx NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx NOx

6 6 / 62 2 NOxUrea-SCR NOx

7 Outline of Urea-SCR System 7 / 62 Urea-SCR? NOx Urea decomposition (NH 2 ) 2 CO HNCO + NH 3 - Pyrolysis HNCO + H 2 ONH 3 + CO 2 - Hydrolysis Overall SCR reaction 4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2 4N 2 + 6H 2 O 8NH N H 2 O 2NH 3 + NO + 2N 2 + 3H 2 O (1)Standard SCR reaction (2) SCR reaction (3)Fast SCR reaction Urea-SCR NOx etc etc NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx

8 Experimental Apparatus 1 - Engine Test Bench - 8 / 62 Type : 7.8 L, DOHC, DI The numbers of cylinders : In-line 6 Bore Stroke : mm Aspiration : Turbocharged A/D converter PC Radiator Dynamometer Engine Turbocharger Engine Common Rail Fuel consumption meter Supply pump Fuel tank Urea-SCR system MEXA-91DEGR MEXA-4FT Measuring method Rotary Encoder MEXA-91DEGR Analyzing Recorder NOx Chemiluminescence CO, CO 2 Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection (NDIR) THC Flame Ionization Detection Intercooler (FID) Air MEXA-4FT Air flow meter Filter Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FT-IR)

9 Experimental Apparatus 2 - Base Urea-SCR System - Urea-SCR Function generator Urea tank (32.5 wt% urea-solution) 9 / 62 Injection control circuit Urea Injector Water jacket 2 Pump 1 Exhaust gas Pre-oxidation catalyst SCR catalyst specifications Vanadium catalyst Cell density : 3 cells/inch 2 Total catalyst volume : 22.6 L (2.8 times engine swept volume) Zeolite catalyst Cell density : 4 cells/inch 2 Total catalyst volume : 22.6 L (2.8 times engine swept volume) SCR catalyst Post-oxidation catalyst catalyst

10 Experimental Apparatus 3 - Modified System Layout - 1 / 62 Exhaust gas Bypass line Catalyst line 2 1 Valve Modification 1. Pre-oxidation catalyst 2. Bypass line 3. Two valves Pre-oxidation catalyst (2) NO 2

11 Definition of /NOx 11 / 62 NOx 2 /NOx NOx 2 /NOx Exhaust gas /NOx = NO + NOx NO,, N 2 O trace quantity NO Load % /NOx with Pre-Oxi. cat. w/o Pre-Oxi. cat NO 1% % - /NOx =. NO 5% 5% - /NOx =.5 NO % 1% - /NOx = 1.

12 Effect of /NOx on NOx Reduction (1) 12 / 62 Table Experimental condition Urea Injection bypass line catalyst line Zeolite Oxi. cat. SCR cat. Operation steady state Engine speed rpm 144 Urea equivalence ratio 1. SCR catalyst temp. K 45, 5 /NOx 45 K.1,.2,.29,.42 5 K.1,.27,.5 SCR catalyst Zeolite x 3 Urea equivalence ratio urea urea =1. means the precise amount of urea, which can reduce all of the NOx. NO NO reduction by Standard SCR reduction by SCR NO and reduction by Fast SCR

13 Effect of /NOx on NOx Reduction (2) NOx 13 / Conventional SCR system Modified SCR system Normalized NOx emission % NOx reduction performance Catalyst temperature : 45 K NOx reduction 43.% 92.6% 6.1% 91.8% 1 13 S. P. 4 S. P Normalized NOx emission % NOx reduction performance Catalyst temperature : 5 K NOx reduction 72.7% 97.4% 9.6% 99.4% 1 1 S. P. 4 S. P. 7 /NOx = /NOx = NOx NOx6 21 %

14 Summary of Section II 14 / L NOx Urea-SCR NOx NOx Urea-SCR NOx NO Fast SCR reaction 2 /NOx.5 NOx Fast SCR reaction 45K(177) NOx 1/5

15 15 / 62 3

16 Outline of Diesel Combustion Modeling Physical process 16 / 62 > > Coupling Chemical process RH QOOH > 1 > R ROO OOQOOH HOOQ OOH HOOQ O + OH R: Alkyl radical NOx

17 Reaction Scheme - Outline 17 / 62 CFD STAR-CD v3.26 Complex Chemistry Module n-heptane reaction scheme* N series reactions Parameter modification Extended Zel dovich mechanism, Prompt NO, NO via N 2 O, formation Species : 33 Elementary reactions : 66 CPU time: Approximately 54 hours for basic conditions. Machine spec. : Intel Core 2 Duo processor 2.4 GHz 2GB Memory (single core calculation) *A. Patel et al., Development and Validation of a Reduced Reaction Mechanism for HCCI Engine Simulations, SAE Paper (24).

18 Engine Specifications and Calculation Grids 18 / 62 Table Engine specifications Engine type Bore Stroke Top clearance Con-rod length 4-cycle, 2.2L, DOHC, In-line 4 cylinders, DI 86 mm 96 mm.98 mm mm Compression ratio 15.8 Calculation grids Fixed line The number of cells 5464 at BDC timing 2344 at TDC timing

19 Calculation Models Used in This Study 19 / 62 Table Applied physical models Turbulence model Breakup model Wall impingement model Atomization model NOx model Turbulent chemistry interaction model RNG k-epsiron model KH-RT model sb=.61, b1=15., ctau=1. crt=.1, We l =1., cb=17.5 Bai model Reitz-Diwarkar model Extended Zel dovich N 2 O, reaction Kong model C mix =.1* *Adjusted as a fitting parameter

20 ignition delay ms Reaction Scheme Ignition Delay Test P = 1.3 MPa 1. LLNL scheme ERC scheme Applied scheme /K Ignition delay characteristics of each scheme calculated by -D chemical reaction analysis. LLNL scheme: 56 species, 2537 reactions ERC scheme : 29 species, In this study : 33 species, Pressure MPa 5 4 Peak Pressure timing.1 ms Pressure rise.1 ms 52 reactions 66 reactions Peak Pressure 3% 3 Operating conditions Engine speed : 2 rpm Fuel injection timing : TDC Exp_pressure Exp_pressure Fuel quantity : 2 mm 3 /st ERC scheme Applied ERC scheme scheme EGR ratio: 19.1% Crank angle deg. ATDC 2 / 62

21 Calculation Conditions for Validation 21 / 62 Parameter : Fuel Injection Timing Engine speed rpm 2 Intake pressure kpa 13 (1 in Exp.) Intake temperature K 33.15* (1.5 in Exp.) Injection timing deg. ATDC -5, -2,, 2 Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 EGR ratio % Intake O 2 concentration vol. % 2.9 Parameter : EGR Ratio (Intake O 2 concentration) Engine speed rpm 2 Injection timing deg. ATDC Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 Intake pressure kpa Intake temperature K 33.4* EGR ratio % Intake O 2 concentration vol. % *Heat transfer (+1 K) between intake gas and cylinder wall is assumed in calculation

22 Calculation Results - Pressure and Heat Release - 22 / 62 Cylinder pressure MPa Parameter : Fuel Injection Timing Exp. Cal. Fuel injection timing -5 deg. ATDC -2 deg. ATDC TDC 2 deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA Cylinder pressure MPa Parameter : EGR Ratio (Intake O 2 concentration) Exp. Cal. EGR ratio.4% 27.8% 3.2% 32.5% Heat release J/deg. CA Crank angle deg. ATDC Crank angle deg. ATDC 8

23 Calculation Results - NOx (NO, ) Emission - NOx 2 23 / 62 Parameter : Fuel Injection Timing Parameter : EGR Ratio (Intake O 2 concentration) NOx emission ppm NO Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal (TDC) 2 Fuel injection timing deg. ATDC emission ppm NOx emission ppm NO Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal. Exp. 7. Cal O 2 concentration vol% EGR ratio % emission ppm EGR NOx NOx 2 NOx

24 Summary of Section III NOx n-heptane.1ms 3%.1ms EGR NOx 24 / 62

25 25 / 62 4 NOx

26 Outline of Supercharge with EGR 26 / 62 EGR EGR line VNT/VGT turbocharger EGR EGR NOx Common-rail fuel injection system PM Fig. Diesel engine system >EGR PMNOx NOx /NOx

27 Analysis Method of EGR Mechanism 27 / 62 EGR NOx 2NOx Inert O 2 EGR O 2 Inert O 2 Inert O 2 > > Inert O 2 2

28 Calculation Conditions - EGR Mechanism - 28 / 62 Table Calculation conditions (Operating conditions) Engine speed rpm 2 Intake pressure kpa 1 Injection timing deg. ATDC Injection quantity mm 3 /st 2 Intake temperature K Table Calculation conditions (In-cylinder gas components) Case A B C O 2 vol% , 17.7, 16. N 2 vol% , 78.3, 78. H 2 O, CO 2 vol%. 1., 2., 3.. Inert O 2 vol%.. 2., 4., 6. EGR Case A EGR CO 2 H 2 O Case B Inert O 2 Case C

29 Calculation Results - EGR Mechanism - 29 / 62 Cylinder pressure MPa NOx In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Dilution gas w/o EGR CO2, H2O Inert_O2 Dilution gas % 2.% 4.% 6.% Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA NO, NO2 ppm Case NO NOx 2 /NOx emissions NO NO Inert O2 EGR Inert O2 EGR Inert O2 EGR Dilution gas vol% A C B C B C B 2 Case ACase BCase BCase C EGR NOx EGR NOx 2 /NOx

30 In-cylinder Behaviour of NO and Gas Temp. NO (movie) 1 9 deg. ATDC (1 deg. CA/sec) Case A Case B* Case C* 3 / 62 Temperature K Min. 4 Max. 25 NO mass fraction Min.. Max..8 *Dilution gas amount of Case B and C is 4.%

31 NO and Temperature Distribution 31 / 62 NO Temperature K 4 25 NO mass fraction..8 (A) w/o EGR (B) EGR (C) Inert O 2 (A) w/o EGR (B) EGR (C) Inert O 2 14 deg. ATDC 14 deg. ATDC 18 deg. ATDC 18 deg. ATDC 26 deg. ATDC 26 deg. ATDC NO NO NO

32 Cylinder pressure MPa Numerical Analysis of Supercharge with EGR Intake pressure / O 2 vol% : base 1 kpa / 18.5% In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Crank angle deg. ATDC +2kPa +4kPa +6kPa +8kPa +1kPa -2kPa base Heat release J/deg EGR base 2kPa / 23.4%, +2kPa / 15.3%, +4kPa / 13.%, +6kPa / 11.4%, +8kPa / 1.1%, +1 kpa / 9.% 32 / 62 EGR NOx emission ppm NOx /NOx Intake pressure kpa (gage) /NOx

33 Cylinder pressure MPa Numerical Analysis of Supercharge with EGR In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Engine speed: 2 rpm 2 mm 3 /st, single Injection timing: TDC O2 16.2% B 1 kpa C 12 kpa A O2 2.9% 1 kpa Exp. Cal Crank angle deg. ATDC BSFC and /NOx Case B Int. P 1 kpa, EGR 3.%) Case C Int. P 12 kpa, EGR 35.9%) Heat release J/deg. CA NO, NO2 ppm (measured value) BSFC /NOx 31 g/kwh % improved increase 289 g/kwh NOx emission Exp 143 Cal NO 1 Intake pressure kpa Exp 33 / 62 NO2 Cal Intake oxygen concentration vol% Cal 13. NOx /NOx

34 Summary of Section IV NOx EGR NOx NOx EGR NOx 34 / 62 NOx NO EGR NOx NO EGR NOx NO NOx /NOx

35 35 / 62 5 NOx

36 Outline of NOx Composition Control 36 / 62 > EGR Soot NOx Soot HC CO >DPF, CSF (Catalyzed Soot Filter) NO 265 PM PM >LNT, NSR (NOx ),NOx, NOxN 2 NOx NO NO 2 >SCR (NOx ) 2 NOx NH 3 Urea-SCR NOx ( ) NOx

37 NO- Reaction by Multi-Injection NOx NO * 37 / 62 NO- NO+HO 2 +HO (1) Alkyl+O 2 Olefin+HO 2 Alkyl-O 2 Olefin+HO 2 HCO+O 2 CO 2 +HO 2 H+O 2 +MHO 2 +M (2) (3) (4) (5) /NO x CH 1 4 C H CH OH 3 DME Temperature K 2 deg. ATDC NOmass fraction=.1 2 rpm, 2 mm 3 /st, Fuel inj. Timing : TDC Single, EGR : % (STAR-CD ) *Ref. HORI et al., An experimental and kinetic calculation of the promotion effect of hydrocarbons on the NO- conversion in a flow reactor Pilot HCNO Post HCNO

38 Experimental Setup Test Engine (2AD-FHV) 38 / 62 Number of cylinders Inline 4 Bore Stroke mm 8696 Swept volume cc 2231 Max power kw / rpm 13 / 36 Max torque Nm / rpm 4 / 226 DOC Pt/Al 2 O 3 Size mm Volume L 1.86 Sampling Point A. DOC Inlet B. DOC outlet A B

39 Experimental Conditions 39 / 62 EGR4% Post/Pilot Table Experimental conditions EGR effect Load x/8 1, 2 Engine Speed rpm 15 Pilot Injection Timing deg. ATDC -8 ~ -1 w/o Pilot Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. Main Injection Timing deg. AYDC Post Injection Timing deg. ATDC 1-8 w/o Post Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. EGR ratio % 4 (1/8 Load), 32 (2/8 Load) w/o 1/8 Main

40 Experimental Results - 1/8 Load with EGR - 4 / 62 NOx g/h BSFC g/kwh Pilot Injection timing deg. ATDC NOx /NO Pilot THC NOx Single Single CO /NOx BSFCCO THC Post BSFC baseline BSFC Post CO baseline THC baseline Injection timing deg. ATDC /NOx CO, THC g/h NOx /NOx 84.6% 37.3% BSFC Post 3 deg. ATDC TDC CO TDC /NOx THC Post 3deg ATDC

41 Calculation Conditions Analysis of NO- Conversion - 41 / 62 NO- Pilot/Post Engine speed 15 rpm Engine load 1/8 Injection timing deg. ATDC EGR Table Calculation conditions Single(TDC) Pilot(-4)+Main, Main+Post(4) w/o EGR, with EGR Pilot/Post EGR /NOx ( EGR )

42 Calculation Results - Pressure and HRR- 42 / 62 Cylinder pressure MPa In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Engine speed: 15 rpm Load: 1/8, with EGR Pilot(-4)+Main Base (single) Main+Post(4) Exp Cal Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA Pilot Post

43 Calculation Results - NOx emission - 43 / 62 NOx NOx (1/8 load, with EGR) NO, ppm NOx emission 59.4% 46.8% /NOx 76.3% 4.9% NO NO % 56.6% NO, mass g In-cylinder NOx emission Base Pilot Post NO HO HO 2 mass g Exp. Cal. Base Exp. Cal. Pilot -4 Exp. Cal. Post Crank angle deg. ATDC Pilot/Post Post HO 2 NO /NOx NO-

44 In-cylinder Behaviour (movie) - NO,, HO 2, Gas temp / 62 NO,, HO 2 Min. Max. Temperature K NO mass frac. mass frac. HO 2 mass frac. 15 rpm, 1/8 load with EGR, 12 deg. ATDC Single injection (TDC) Double injection Main + Post (4 deg. ATDC)

45 In-cylinder Behaviour - NO,, HO 2, Gas temp / 62 NO,, HO 2 Min. Max. Temp 3 26 NO.5 Single injection deg. ATDC 3 deg. ATDC Temp. NO HO 2 53 deg. ATDC HO 2 Post NO- Single Post Single Post HO 2 6 deg. ATDC 58 deg. ATDC 9 deg. ATDC 8 deg. ATDC 12 deg. ATDC Post HO 2

46 Summary of Section V 46 / 62 NOx NO 2 Pilot PostNOx Post Pilot NOx /NOx 15 rpm 1/ % Post HO 2 NO NOx NOx Pilot/Post Main CO HC

47 47 / 62 6 NOx Urea-SCR

48 Outline of Diesel Engine System Optimization Synergy effect of combustion and aftertreatment Combustion Aftertreatment 48 / 62 Emissions reduction performance Cost Extra cost Cost Cost Exhaust gas temperature > > NOx Urea-SCR

49 Experimental Setup 49 / 62 Aftertreatment device : Urea-SCR Urea-SCR Specifications of SCR catalyst Material Size mm Volume L Vanadium (2.92/ ) Sampling Point A. DOC inlet B. DOC outlet C. SCR inlet D. SCR outlet C B D A

50 Experimental Conditions 5 / 62 NOx Pilot -5 deg. ATDC Post 5 deg ATDC Table Experimental conditions Effect of NOx control on NOx conversion Load x/8 1, 2 Engine Speed rpm 15 Pilot Injection Timing deg. ATDC -4, -2, -1 w/o w/o Pilot Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. Main Injection Timing deg. AYDC Post Injection Timing deg. ATDC 1, 2, 4 w/o Post Injection Quantity mm 3 /st 2. EGR ratio %, or 4(1/8 Load), 32(2/8 Load) Main

51 /NOx, Experimental Results /NOx NOx SCR Single injection, w/o EGR NOx conversion % w/o EGR with EGR /NOx (SCR_inlet) NOx conversion SCR temperature Pilot/Post Timing deg. ATDC NOx NOx /NOx 29.9% NOx 33.3% SCR 174. BSFC 361 g/kwh Post 2 deg. ATDC, w/o EGR /NOx 44.% (14.1%(point)) NOx 48.1% (14.8%(point)) SCR (2.7) BSFC 363 g/kwh (.55%) /NOx, SCR NOx Pilot 1 deg.atdc, w/o EGR 2/8 load Post 2 deg.atdc, w/o EGR 2/8 load /NOx 62.3% /NOx49.6% (12.7%(point)) /NOx.5 NOx 76.8% NOx 8.2% (3.4%(point)) NOx SCR SCR (.1) ( NOx1 ) BSFC 275 g/kwh BSFC 272 g/kwh (1.9%) SCR catalyst temp. deg. C 51 / 62

52 Combination of Combustion and Aftertreatment 52 / 62 Engine load : 1/8 Case A SCR Cat.: 174 deg. C GHSV = 463 Case B SCR Cat.: 179 deg. C GHSV = 25 Case C SCR Cat.: 191 deg. C GHSV = 496 Case D SCR Cat.: 196 deg. C GHSV = 265 Case A SCR Cat.: 225 deg. C GHSV = 576 Case B SCR Cat.: 252 deg. C GHSV = 419 Case C SCR Cat.: 258 deg. C GHSV = 616 Case D SCR Cat.: 28 deg. C GHSV = 461 SCR_in_NO Engine load : 2/8 SCR_in_ SCR_out_NO SCR_in_ /NOx=29.9% /NOx=46.7% /NOx=65.3% /NOx=71.% DeNOx 39.7% DeNOx 51.5% DeNOx 68.9% DeNOx 6.8% NOx emission g/h SCR_in_NO SCR_in_ SCR_out_NO SCR_in_ /NOx=53.8% /NOx=69.5% /NOx=76.9% /NOx=51.4% DeNOx 8.8% DeNOx 88.3% DeNOx 64.1% DeNOx 72.4% NOx emission g/h Relative NOx eimission Relative NOx eimission Injection EGR Case A Single w/o EGR Case B Single with EGR Case C Multi w/o EGR Case D Multi with EGR NOx NOx - EGR - /NOx - EGR - - EGR - (SV) - X EGR -

53 Summary of Section VI NOx Urea-SCR NOx 15rpm 1/8 EGR Post 14.8%(point) NOx 3.4%(point) Urea-SCR NOx NOx NOx Urea-SCR Pilot Post EGR 53 / 62 NOx EGR /NOx GHSV NOx 1/8 2/8 7-1% 3% NOx

54 54 / 62 7

55 Concluding Remarks 55 / 62 NOx > EGR (34 ) NO NO 2 /NOx EGR > / (35 ) NO Pilot/Post NO- /NOx >Urea-SCR(26 ) LNT/NSR NOx NOx NOx

56 Future Work - Numerical analysis - Table Calculation and experimental conditions Engine speed rpm 2 Engine load 2/8 3/8 6/8 1 st pilot injection timing deg. ATDC st pilot injection quantity mm 3 /st nd pilot injection timing deg. ATDC nd pilot injection quantity mm 3 /st Main injection timing deg. ATDC Main injection timing mm 3 /st Intake pressure kpa(abs) Intake temperature K * EGR ratio % *Heat transfer (+15 K) between intake gas and cylinder wall is assumed in calculation 56 / 62 EGR

57 Cylinder pressure MPa Future Work - Numerical analysis - Experimental and numerical results In-cylinder Pressure and HRR Exp. Cal. Load 6/8 3/8 2/ Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg. CA NO, ppm 57 / 62 NOx emission NO 841 NO * 77. * Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal. Exp. Cal. 2/8 load 3/8 load 6/8 load *NOx in EGR gas is considered Pilot EGR NOx

58 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - 58 / 62 3 Heat release rate curve of base condition D > (,., etc ) Heat release > > C SOI A B E A:Ignition delay (Cool flame) B:Ignition delay (Hot flame) C:Max. heat release D:Max. heat release timing E:Combustion duration 7. J/deg. CA Crank angle 5

59 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - 59 / 62 Heat release J/deg D B C A SOI E Crank angle deg. ATDC Heat release J/deg SOI B A D E C Crank angle deg. ATDC Cool flame deg. CA Sensitivity analysis A B C D E base Cool flame deg. ATDC Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Hot flame deg. CA Hot flame deg. ATDC base Max. HRR J/deg Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) base HRR max J/deg Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Simple equations A = f(x,y, ) B = g(x,y, ) C = h(x,y, ) HRR max. timing deg. CA D = i(x,y, ) E = j(x,y, ) HRR max timing deg. ATDC base 1-2 base Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base) Combustion duration deg. CA base Combustion duration deg. CA Initial pressure kpa (v.s. base)

60 Future Work - Simplified Heat Release Prediction Model - 6 / 62 Heat release J/deg Engine speed : 2 rpm Fuel injection : 2 mm 3 /st, single, TDC Intake pressure : 12 kpa Intake O 2 concentration : 16.2 vol% Crank angle degca ATDC Exp. 3-D CFD Simple calc. Heat release J/deg Heat release J/deg 15 1 > Intake pressure : 13 kpa Intake O 2 concentration : 16.2 vol% Crank angle degca ATDC Intake pressure : 14 kpa Intake O 2 concentration : 16.2 vol% Exp. 3-D CFD Simple calc Crank angle degca ATDC 3-D CFD Simple calc.

61 Future Control System for Diesel Engine 3D-CFD Analysis Engine/Catalyst information Ambient temp., pres., Wall temp., Oil temp., Catalyst temp., etc 61 / 62 ECU Input (Accel pedal) Simple H.R.R. prediction model H.R.R. output Input (Sensor) Base control y = f( xyt,,)... Torque, Soot(#, mass) NOx ( /NOx) Injection pattern Injection pattern modification EGR ratio Intake air mass Number of injection Injection quantity/timing etc NG Performance evaluation Good!! 3D-CFD NOx Optimized injection

62 End of the Presentation 62 / 62 End Thank you for your attention!!

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