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- しじん ふしはら
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1 Chapter 5 How English Phrases are Formed: Syntax I WHAT IS SYNTAX? syntactic = unit = constituent = verb phrase (VP) = 1. 統語論とはどのようなものか? 2. 構成素とは何か? 3. 動詞句とは何と何からできているのか? 4. 第 3 文型の文はどのような構造を持っているのか図で示しなさい [Paragraph 2] ambiguity = respectively = alternative = 1. smart boys and girls の持つ二つの意味を書きなさい 2. 1 で挙げた二つの意味に対応する構造を樹形図として描きなさい 1
2 TESTS FOR CONSTIUENCY argument = modifier = if any = constituency= 1. The syntactic unit that consists of V and O to the exclusion of S を訳しなさい 2. 1 の英語に対応している構成素の名前を書きなさい [Paragraph 2] Test 1: Movement movement = string of words = displace= in this regard= pre-subject position= crucially= 1. 単語の連鎖が構成素だと言える条件を挙げなさい 2. 動詞とそれに続く目的語が構成素を成している証拠を挙げなさい [Paragraph 3] Deletion deletion = delete = omit = VP-deletion= 1. 単語の連鎖が構成素だと言える条件を挙げなさい 2. 動詞とそれに続く目的語が構成素を成している証拠を挙げなさい 2
3 [Paragraph 4] Pro-forms antecedent = pro-form = refer to = pro-vp = 1. 単語の連鎖が構成素だと言える条件を挙げなさい 2. 動詞とそれに続く目的語が構成素を成している証拠を挙げなさい [Paragraph 5] Coordination coordination = coordinate structure = 1. 単語の連鎖が構成素だと言える場合を 1 つ挙げなさい 2. 動詞とそれに続く目的語が構成素を成している証拠を挙げなさい COMPLEMENTS AND ADJUNCTS complement = adjunct = modifier= head = along with= properties= 1. complement と adjunct という概念が 目的語と修飾語という概念とどのような関係にあるのかを述べなさい 2. 句の主要部がどのように定義できるのかを述べなさい 3
4 3. drinking tea の drinking がなぜ主要部だと言えるのかを説明しなさい [Paragraph 2] transitive verb = prepositional phrase (PP) = optional = instrument= antecedent= exclude= 1. 前置詞句が補部の例を 1 つ挙げなさい 2. Jim ate his dinner with his fingers in his room. において adjunct を指摘し その意味を述べなさい 3. 例 (13) から ate a cookie, ate with a spoon に関してどのようなことが言えるのか [Paragraph 3] nevertheless = bare = the former = the latter= 1. 動詞が単独で句を構成する例を挙げ それが句である証拠を do so を使って示しなさい CROSS-CATEGORIAL PARALLELISM 4
5 cross-categorial = parallelism = noun phrase (NP) = headed by = adjective phrase (AP) = bracket = 1. VP と NP の平行性を (15) を使って説明しなさい 2. AP と PP が VP と NP に似ている点は何かを (16) を使って説明しなさい LABELLED BRACKETING AND TREE DIAGRAMS incomplete = roughly = binoculars = labeled bracketing = paraphrase = 1. meet the man with the binoculars を日本語にしなさい 2. meet the man with the binoculars を標示付き括弧づけで表しなさい [Paragraph 2] tree diagram = node = rudimentary = as is customary = internal = display = 5
6 1. (17) の標示付き括弧づけと同じ情報を表す樹形図 ( 枝分かれ図 ) を書きなさい [Paragraph 3] replace A with B = ambiguous = distinct = entire = crucially = 1. watch the man with the binoculars は二通りの意味を持っている それらを書きなさい 2. watch the man with the binoculars の持つ読みのうち PP が watch the man を修飾する読みを標示付き括弧づけで表しなさい 2. watch the man with the binoculars の持つ読みのうち PP が watch the man を修飾する読みを樹形図で 表しなさい
7 RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT [Paragraph 1 & Paragraph 2] hypothesis = approximation = thereof = postulate = phrase structure = 1. 英語の文の基本構造を樹形図で示しなさい 2. 次の文を日本語にしなさい In fact, (21) was for many years taken to represent the structure of the sentence, and is still for many purposes a reasonable approximation thereof. 7
8 Chapter 6 How English Phrases are Formed: Syntax II AUXILIARY VERBS, TENSE, AND THE TENSE ELEMENT T clause = / hypothesis = settle on = / abbreviated = bracketed VP = / auxiliary verb = / 1. (1) の樹形図は何を表しているのか? tentative = VP-deletion = 2. 例文 (2a)(2b) から構造 (1) に関して何が言えるか? 3. 例文 (3a)(3b) から助動詞 will, has に関して何が言えるか? [Paragraph 2] syntactic element = / undergo deletion= question = / negative = do-insertion = 1. (4a)(4b) から英語の文の構造に関してわかることは何か? 3. do-insertion が適用された文を三種類挙げなさい ( ア ) ( イ ) ( ウ ) 8
9 [Paragraph 3] pre-vp-deletion = / tense= postulate = / phonetically realized = 1. (4b) の元の構造として (4a) ではなく (5) を仮定する方が良い理由を二つ挙げなさい [Paragraph 4] second occurrence = / unaffected = takes place = 1. (5) から (6) を経て (7) が派生される過程を記述しなさい その際 なぜ do-insertion の別名が do-support と呼ばれるのかを述べなさい [Paragraph 5] specification = / hypothesize = along with = 1. T に何が出てくると仮定しているのか? 2. ここまでで明らかになった英語の文の構造を書きなさい 9
10 COMPLEX SENTENCES, THE ELEMENT C, AND MOVEMENT complementizer = / stand for = independent clause = / dependent clause = 1. (8) の英語の文の構造に関する仮説が (9) の文を説明できないのはなぜか? 2. 問 1 をふまえると 英語の文の構造は NP+T+VP ではなく どうなるのか? [Paragraph 2] interestingly = / conditional clause = 1. (10) の例文を日本語にしなさい 2. when it does so, it replaces if を日本語にしなさい 3. (11) で図示されているような操作が実際に起こっているということを (12) などを使って論じなさい [Paragraph 3] A. Vocabulary (put into Japanese) construction = / T-to-C movement = it follows that ~ = 1. (13) の助動詞はどこからどこへ移動したと仮定しているのか? 10
11 2. (14) の例文を日本語にしなさい [Paragraph 4] A. Vocabulary (put into Japanese) wh-movement = / abbreviate = interrogative phrase = / functional head = 1. (14) の例で今まで仮定してきた英語の構造にそぐわない要素は何か? 2. (14a) の文頭の要素はどこから移動してきたものか またなぜそう言えるのか? 3. 筆者が英語の文の構造としてどのようなものを提案しているのか? THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEQUENCE OF SUB-CLAUSAL ELEMENTS A. Vocabulary: be strung together in a row = Given what we learned about ~ = 1. In fact, it can be shown that the sequence (16) has a complex structure. を日本語にしなさい [Paragraph 2] A. Vocabulary: category = / subconstituent = 1. (17) の例文を日本語にしなさい 2. T+VP が構成素を成している証拠には何があるか? 3. NP+T+VP が構成素を成している証拠には何があるか? 11
12 4. (18) の例文を日本語にしなさい 5. C+NP+T+VP が構成素を成している証拠には何があるか? 6. カギ括弧付表示 [XP [C [NP [T VP]]]] を樹形図に直しなさい ( 内部構造を問題にしない場合は三角形を使用すること [Paragraph 3] A. Vocabulary: according to = / finite = infinitival = / declarative = interrogative = / characteristics = as a result = / TP ~ / CP ~ intermediate between A and B = / Y ~ 1. (19) の例文を日本語にしなさい 2. (19) の例に欠けている組み合わせを指摘し その例文を書きなさい 3. (NP +) T + VP の主要部は T で (XP +) C + NP + T + VP の主要部は C だと 筆者は主張しているが その根拠とは何か? 4. 従来 S と呼ばれていた構成素は 新しい仮説ではどう呼ばれているのか? 12
13 5. Y とはどのような構成素か? また その実例を挙げなさい 6. [ CP XP [ C C [ TP NP [ T T VP]]]] を樹形図で表しなさい [Paragraph 4] A. Vocabulary: Phrase structure is generally headed. = X is a glaring exception to Y = eliminate = / 1. 英語の文の構造を (1) ではなく (21) のように仮定することにどのような利点があるのか? 13
14 CLAUSE STRUCTURE AND HISTORICAL WORD-ORDER CHANGE A. Vocabulary: contemporary English = / equivalent = one-to-one = 1. 例文 (22-23) と (24-25) の比較から 英語の歴史変化に関してわかることを述べなさい [Paragraph 2] 1. It is because (the item in) T moves to C in questions that the auxiliaries of (25) appear to the left of the subject. を日本語にしなさい 2. 以下の二つの文はどのような構造を持っているのかを示しなさい (a) Do you ride this afternoon? ( 現代英語 ) (b) Ride you this afternoon. ((a) に対応する 17 世紀以前の英語を語順を除き現代風にしたもの ) 14
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