THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE {s-kasihr, wakamiya,

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1 THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE {s-kasihr, wakamiya, murata}@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp PC 70% Design, implementation, and evaluation of a synchronization-based Abstract data gathering scheme for sensor networks in buildings Shuntaro KASHIHARA, Naoki WAKAMIYA, and Masayuki MURATA Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University 1 5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka , Japan {s-kasihr, wakamiya, murata}@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp In this paper, we propose a data gathering scheme for a wireless sensor network constructed in a building. Due to shadowing and fading, radio communications in a building become unstable and unreliable. Our system consists of parent nodes, which have power supply and a wired connection to a monitoring PC, and child nodes, which operate on a battery and have the capability of radio communications. In our scheme, a sensor node chooses the next-hop node among a parent node, which collects sensor information from sensor nodes in its vicinity, and child nodes which provide a path to a parent node, in accordance with the stability of radio communications. We confirmed that stable data gathering with more than 70% gathering rate can be accomplished in a sensor network in the unstable environments. Key words Sensor networks, Data gathering, Synchronization 1. [1] 1

2 Host PC 1 PC [2] LAN PC ( 1) MAC ε δ SLEEP i ε δi SLEEP ε 1 0 δj SLEEP δ j δi ε SLEEP ε δj SLEEP i φ j i φ PC ɛ ( 2)ɛ 1 δ 2

3 c + j 3 = li l j c k = li + lk j l j i l i lk c i = l i 2. 3 δ ɛ % i l i j i l j k i l k i c i l i j c j = l i + l j k c k = l i + l k MAC IEEE k 4 8 bit p C(S, R, Cp) C (S, R, C p) = Round((S+(1 R Rmin )) 10)+C p(1) R max R min S 5 R i i R max R min C p p 255 C p = 0 (1) δ i δ i δ i ɛ R max R min (R max R i) (2) ɛ 0 < δ i < ɛ 2. 4 ɛ N ɛ ɛn ɛn 1 PC N 3

Host PC synchronization hub 4 6 ( ) 5 m 100 B9 B8 B7 B6

60 40 20 5 ( ) 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 cycle

15.4 (2.4GHz, non-beacon mode) 5m RS-232C PC PC 20 ɛ 0.

4 Host PC synchronization hub 4 6 ( ) 5 m 100 B9 B8 B7 B6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C0 C9 C8 C7 C6 5 m gathering rate[%] ( ) cycle number N o < N ɛn o N o N 3. ( 4) PC [7] MAC IEEE (2.4GHz, non-beacon mode) 5m RS-232C PC PC 20 ɛ m 80 cm 7 ( ) C9 180 C % 4

5 delete 8 ( ) 10 ( ) beacon signal single hop signal multi hop signal 9 ( ) beacon signal single hop signal multi hop signal 1.2 /m % 42.4% cm 100 cm ( ) barrier 12 ( ) beacon signal single hop signal multi hop signal 13 ( )

6 B9 B8 B9 B8 B7 B6 B7 B ( ) beacon signal 1 single hop signal 1 multi hop signal B ( ɛ = ) PC % 4. PC 91.5% 21 COE ( ) (A)(2) ( 1) B9 B8 B7 B beacon signal 2 single hop signal 2 multi hop signal ( 2) [1] I. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: A survey, Computer Networks (Elsevier) journal, vol.38, pp , March [2] N. Wakamiya and M. Murata, Scalable and robust scheme for data fusion in sensor networks, Proceedings of International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology (Bio-ADIT), pp , Jan [3] R. E. Mirollo and S. H. Strogatz, Synchronization of pulse-coupled biological oscillators, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Journal on Applied Mathematics, vol.50, pp , Dec [4] X. Guardiola, A. Diaz-Guilera, M. Llas, and C. Perez, Synchronization, diversity, and topology of networks of integrate and fire oscillators, The America Physical Society Physical Review E, vol.62, pp , Oct [5] M. B. H. Rhouma and H. Frigui, Self-organization of pulsecoupled oscillators with application to clustering, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.23, pp , Feb [6] I. Wokoma, I. Liabotis, O. Prnjat, L. Sacks, and I. Marshall, A weakly coupled adaptive gossip protocol for application level active networks, Proceedings of IEEE 3rd International Workshop on Policies for Distributed System and Networks - Policy 2002, pp , June [7] Ubiquitous Device. available at URL: okitechno-c.co.jp/tech/wireless/zigbee.html. 6

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1., 1 COOKPAD 2, Web.,,,,,,.,, [1]., 5.,, [2].,,.,.,, 5, [3].,,,.,, [4], 33,.,,.,,.. 2.,, 3.., 4., 5., ,. 1.,,., 2.,. 1,, THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE.,, 464 8601 470 0393 101 464 8601 E-mail: matsunagah@murase.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp, {ide,murase,hirayama}@is.nagoya-u.ac.jp,