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3 W I D E P R O J E C T 1 WIDE Reliable Multicast 1.1 TV 1 1 TCP WIDE JGN/JB SOI (DV) Reliable Multicast (RM) US Reliable Multicast IETF RMT-WG PGM Digital Fountain FEC Tornado Code Ruby Code 1.2 WIDE 2000 RM WIDE JGN/JB DV FEC FEC 2 RM 2 RM 1 FEC BOF (SRM PGM FEC ) RM 1 2 FEC PGM Reliable Multicast 197

4 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t 2 FEC PGM Reliable Multicast 2.1 Point-to-Point IP UDP FEC Reliable Multicast ( ) IETF RMT (Reliable MulticastTransport) WG Reliable Multicast one-to-many TCP friendly [104] [104] Reliable Multicast Building Blocks Building Blocks (Protocol Component) Building Blocks (Protocol Instantiation) 1 3 NACK-based protocol Tree-based ACK protocol Asynchronous Layerd coding protocol RMT WG Building Blocks 3 Protocol Instantiation Building Block Building Blocks Reliable Multicast Building Block Open Loop IP-FEC on IPv4 (Co. TOSHIBA corp.) NACK PGM on IPv4 (Co. L. Rizzo) IPv6 IPv6 PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode) Reliable Multicast 2.2 FEC (Forward Error Correction) FEC FEC 2.1 ( 2.1 data) ( 2.1 code) IPv6 IPv6 / IP-FEC on IPv4 (Co. TOSHIBA corp. [177]) KAME (IPv6) Layer3 FEC [195]IPv6 IPv6 198

5 W I D E P R O J E C T data IPv6 Fragment by FEC data code code data RouterA RouterB SenderA RouterC The Internet data data RecieverA RecieverB : IPv6 and Fragment Header by FEC TCP, UDP TCP, UDP IPv6 (FEC) IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 (FEC) Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link SenderA RouterA RouterB RouterC RecieverB 2.1. FEC (bit) Next Header C Max Data pkt Fragment Offset Par. M Identification : Reserved Field 2.2. IPv6 Fragment Header Format by FEC 2.4 (Reorder) FEC on IPv6 FEC Layer3 FEC IPv6 IP FEC pro-active Relieble Multicast D01 D01 TCP, UDP, PGM IPv4 IP-FEC IPv4 Data Link IP-FEC datagram 2.3. TCP, UDP, PGM IPv6 ( FEC extention ) Data Link IPv6 datagram Layer A Block is generated from an original IPv6 packet by FEC Block 1 Block 2 D02 D03 C01 C02 D D12 D13 C C12 D OUTPUT Reorder D02 D12 D03 D13 C01 C C02 C12 IPv6 Fragment packet by FEC : Data packet : Code packet : IPv6 Header 2.4. Reserved ( 2.2) IP-FEC on IPv4 IP-FEC on IPv4 IP FEC ( 2.3) FEC FEC IPv6 IPv6 FEC FEC IPv6 Reed Solomon Reed Solomon (G(x) = x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 +1) 1 RMT WG Tornade LT [102] Reed Solomon 1 Reed-Solomon

6 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t FEC 2.3 FEC FEC 3 1. FEC FEC FEC netperf[74] 2. 2 FEC FEC [177] Reorder 3. FEC FEC DV (Digital Video) OS CPU Memory NIC FreeBSD 3.3-RELEASE KAME snap PentiumIII 500MHz 256MB Ethernet 100Mbps CPU FEC nanotime CPU PentiumIII 500MHz ( 2.2) ( µ s) 2.2. (loss 5%) (Mbps) : FEC 1 code : FEC 2 code : FEC 3 code : FEC 4 code Payload Length 1408 (byte) 200

7 W I D E P R O J E C T Mbps 100 (%) byte frame 500byte frame % 3% 5% 7% 10% redundancy packet netperf () redundancy packet netperf IPv6 netperf2.1pl3 FEC 5 5% ( 2.6)IPv6 500byte byte IPv6 104byte304byte 2.7 FEC IPv6 FEC (%) byte FEC 85Mbps FEC Mbps 3045%1500byte % 3% 5% 7% 10% PC redundancy packet () DV 2.9 DV 0% IEEE DV DV DV 2.7 FEC DV FreeBSD 201

8 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t Camera IEEE1394 Sender (PC) OS: FreeBSD3.3R + KAME CPU: PentiumII 400MHz Memory: 128MB NIC: Ethernet 100Mbps (EtherExpress Pro /100B) 2.9. Router (PC) DV Monitor VTR NTSC IEEE1394 Reciever (PC) IEEE1394 DV DVTS[1] DV DVTS 1 (16Mbps) FEC 500byte Mbps FEC DV ( Mbps) 5% 2.3 FEC FEC (loss 5%) (loss 5%) % FEC 3045% FEC DV FEC FEC Reorder Block DV 4 DV Mbps Mbps 202

9 W I D E P R O J E C T FEC DV Sender PGM Router Receiver Reorder SPM (Multicast) ODATA (Multicast) Packet Loss SPM (Multicast) ODATA (Multicast) FEC 2 FEC PC FEC DV Time NAK (Unicast) NCF (Multicast) RDATA (Multicast) NAK (Unicast) NCF (Multicast) RDATA (Multicast) PGM NACK 2.4 Building Blocks Reliable Mul- ticast NACK PGM NCF (NACK PGM (Pragmatic General Multicast) Cisco ) NACK Systems 1998 IRTF Reliable Multicast [43]PGM NACK suppression NACK 2.5 implosion 2.10 PGM NACK ( PGM NACK ) NACK NCF ACK NCF NACK PGM NACK NACK ACK ACK NACK-based ACK-based TCP 2.5. PGM Friendly PGM ACK NULL NACK SPM Source Path Message. PGM [141] ODATA RDATA NAK NCF Original Data. Repair Data. Negative AcKnowlegdement. Negative acknowlegdement Reliable Multicast PGM IPv4 FreeBSD [135] IPv6 Reliable Multicast 2. ConFirmation. 2 FEC FEC [196] 203

10 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t 2.. PGM Socket PGM Application PGM on IPv6 AF_INET6 SOCK_SEQPACKET sockaddr_pgm6 IPv6 (FEC extension) IPv6 datagram PGM-FEC on IPv FEC PGM IPv6 PIM-SM 2 PGM FEC Open Loop Delivery PGM NACK-based Reliability FEC IPv6 OS: FreeBSD3.3R + KAME CPU: PentiumII 400MHz Memory: 128MB NIC: Ethernet 100Mbps ( EtherExpress Pro/100B, Intel Pro /100+, ENW-9501-F ) Send (PC) Router (PC) Recv1 (PC) OS: FreeBSD3.4R + KAME CPU: PentiumII 400MHz Memory: 128MB NIC: Ethernet 100Mbps ( EtherExpress Pro/100B, Intel Pro /100+ ) Router (PC) Recv2 (PC) IPv6 Multicast Protocol : PIM-SM Reliable Multicast NAK NCF RDATA (Send) 2.6 (Recv1, Recv2) 2.7 PGM pgmcat IPv6 Send Recv1 Recv2 500KB IPv6 512byte IPv6 PIM-SM 1%10% ODATARDATANAKNCF PGM IPv6 tcpdump 2.6. () OS FreeBSD 3.4-RELEASE KAME snap PGM kpgm tgz CPU 500MHz (PentiumIII) Memory 256MB NIC Ethernet 100Mbps (EtherExpress Pro/100+) 2.7. () OS FreeBSD 3.4-RELEASE KAME snap PGM kpgm tgz CPU 600MHz (PentiumIII) Memory 256MB NIC Ethernet 100Mbps (EtherExpress Pro/100+) 204

11 W I D E P R O J E C T Nack-based Reliability (%) : PGM only : PGM and FEC 1 code : PGM and FEC 2 code : PGM and FEC 3 code : PGM and FEC 4 code PGM NACK based NACK FEC PGM ADU (Application Data Unit) Packet Loss (%) RDATANAKNCF (Recv2) RDATA, NCF, NAK ODATA (packet) : PGM only : PGM & FEC 1 code 800 : PGM & FEC 2 code : PGM & FEC 3 code 700 : PGM & FEC 4 code KB 512byte ODATA PGM FEC RDATANAKNCF FEC RDATANAKNCF 0 PGM FEC Reliable Multicast PGM (%) Packet Loss ODATA, RDATA, NAK, NCF 500KB PGM FEC 500KB 2.13 RDATA ENOBUF NAKNCF 2.14 PGM NACK NCF 2.5 RDATA 2.13 PGM FEC FEC 1 3%FEC 2 8% 2.7 FEC 205

12 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t FEC pro-active FEC reactive FEC FEC PGM 2.6 FEC PGM Reliable Multicast Reliable Multicast Protocol Component Protocol Core Building Block Protocol Core Internet Draft 2000 Reliable Multicast TCP Friendly Reliable Multicast FEC coding Building Block Layer4 FEC pro-active FEC reactive FEC Protocol Core Building Block Building Blocks Building Blocks FEC PGM Reliable Multicast Building Block Reliable Multicast Building Block 2.7 Building Block FEC PGM Reliable Multicast Building Block Reliable Multicast Reliable Multicast PGM FEC PGM Reliable Multicast Building Block IP (Internet Protocol) IP IP 206

13 W I D E P R O J E C T TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP TCP ACK () ACK IP UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP [10, 21, 108] 2 1 TCP (1) (2) (3) (1) 207

14 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t (1) (2) (1)(2) (3) SRM[49] 3 3 AFDP RMTP DR(Designated Receiver) SRM AFDP RMTP TCP [147] SRM [180] AFDP[28]RMTP[126] 208

15 W I D E P R O J E C T ns2 UCB() ns2[7] ns2 AFDP RMTP SRM ns JGN (Japan Gigabit Network)[84] JGN () () 10 ATM Gbps JGN JGN 10Gbps 209

W I D E P R O J E C T 2 0 0 0 a n n u a l r e p o r t 3.1.

16 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t Gbps 100Mbps % Mbps Mbps Mbps1000 RMTP AFDPSRM AFDP RMTP SRM 10Mbps Mbps RMTP 30Mbps1000 RMTP 10Mbps1000 AFDP SRM SRM 10Mbps 1000 AFDP AFDP AFDP RMTP 2 2 AFDP NACK RMTP DR Mbps 210

17 W I D E P R O J E C T AFDP RMTP SRM AFDP RMTP SRM Number of Repair Packets % Mbps Number of Receivers 3.2. AFDP SRM 300 RMTP RMTP SRM ACK SRM AFDP RMTPSRM % 10Mbps SRM 5 AFDP 5% 10Mbps RMTP 1 [%] [Mb/sec] RMTP RMTP SRM AFDP AFDP 1000 SRM 2 2

50 40 AFDP RMTP SRM 1 AFDP W I D E P R O J E C T 2 0 0 0 a n n u a l r e p o r t Throughput [Mb/sec] Throughput [Mb/sec] 30 20 10 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 Packet Loss [%] 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 3.

18 50 40 AFDP RMTP SRM 1 AFDP W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t Throughput [Mb/sec] Throughput [Mb/sec] Packet Loss [%] Packet Loss [%] AFDP RMTP SRM 2 SRM AFDP RMTP 2 RMTP AFDP RMTP ACK NACK NACK AFDP ( 5% ) ( 3.4 ) ( 3.4 ) SRM ( 3.4 ) RMTP 3.4. (SRM RMTP) 212

19 W I D E P R O J E C T 3.3. RMTP SRM [Mb/sec] ( 3.4 ) RMTP SRM RMTP SRM RMTPSRM 10Mbps ( 10,000 ) 3.3 RMTPSRM RMTP RMTPSRM RMTP SRM DR 1 213

20 W I D E P R O J E C T a n n u a l r e p o r t 214

I TCP 1/2 1

I TCP 1/2 1 Transport layer: a birds-eye view Hosts maintain state for each transport endpoint Routers don t maintain perhost state H R R R R H Transport IP IP IP IP IP Copyright(C)2011 Youki Kadobayashi.