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20 32 375kV kv 1 Overheat :45:33 4:08: kV kV 3:42:49 4:08:58 138kV AEP
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28 90 MISO (1) Real Power Reactive Power Total Reactive Power static devices called Capacitors Lightly Loaded T/L RP
29 Voltage Collapse (2)
30 PJM ( ) 1996 utilities (1) Blackout AEP utility AEP Mid-West Mid-Atlantic NY Mid-West AEP Mid-Atlantic AEP PJM NJ 7 utilities M&A , kw 14,700 4
31 utilities HP (2) Mid-West MISO Mid West Independent System Operator 2002 PJM NY-ISO utilities Mid-West MISO utilities PJM Mid-West 350 utilities Moler FERC PJM PJM PJM
32 utility PECO Philadelphia Electric Company EXC( Exelon Corp) ISO EXC PJM RTO PJM PJM MISO Joint Operating Agreement PJM Mid-West MISO PJM utilities AEP MISO PJM (3) AEP AEP American Electric Power AEP PJM AEP AEP , MWH 38,000 AEP AEP HP
33 186,000 5 AEP AEP RTO RTO Grid operator membership utilities Jurisdiction Regional Entities public interest AEP RTO FERC FERC RTO AEP AEP RTO FERC AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP utility PECO
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42 FERC FERC 1 RTO FERC utilities ( ) ISO utilities ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO utilities ISO tragedy-of-the-commons ISO
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