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3 1. Michael AM, Mark R. APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. Am J Infect Control 1994 ; 22 : Infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy : Guideline for clinical aplication. gastrentest. Emdosc ; 34 : 37 S Cleaning and disinfection of equipment for gastro intestinal flexible endoscopy : interrim recommendations of a Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 1988 ; 29 : Society of Gastroenterology Nurse and Associates (SGNA) : Recommended guidelines for infection controls in gastrointestinal endoscopy setting. Rochester, New York: SGNA,1990.

4 Biomedical, Perspectives, 1996 ; 5 : Earnshaw JJ et al. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aer- ugenosa following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. J Hosp Infect 1985 ; 6 : Allen JI et al. Pseudomonas infection of the biliary system resulting, use of contaminated endoscope. Gastrpenterology 1987 ; 92 : Classen DC et al. Serious Pseudomonas infection associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Am J Med 1988 ; 84 : Greene WH et al. Esophagoscopy as a source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in patients with acute leukemia : the need sterilization of endoscopes. Gastro- Gastroenterological Endoscopy

5 enterology 1974 ; 67 : Tuffnel PG. Salmonella infections transmitted by a gastroscope. Can Publ Health 1976 ; 67 : Dean AG. Transmission of Salmonella typhi by fiberoptic endoscopy (Letter). Lancet 1977 ; 2 : O'Connor BH et al. Salmonellosis infection transmitted by fiberoptic endoscopes. Lancet 1982 ; 2 : Dwyer DM, et al. Salmonella newport infection transmitted by fiberoptic colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc ; 33 : Langenberg W et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of Campylobacter pylori infection by fiberopticgastroduodenoscopy and biopsy. J Infect Dis 1990 ; 161 : Graham D Y et al. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. Am J Gastroenterol.1988 ; 83 : Nelson KE et al. Transmission of tuberculosis by flexible fiberbronchoscopes. Amm Rev Respir Dis 1983 ; 127 : Paul W et al. Bronchopulmonary cross-colonization and infection related to mycobacteriual contamination of suction valves of bronchoscopes. J Infct Dis 1989 ; 139 : Birnie GG et al. Endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B virus. Gut 1983 ; 24 : Venard V et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. New Eng J Med 1997 ; 337 : Singh S et al. Contamination of an endoscope due to Trichosporon beigelii. J Hosp Infect 1989 :14 : Manderstam P et al. Complication associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and with esophageal dilatation. Gasatrointest Endosc 1976 ; 23 : Roberts W et al. Prevalence of cryptsporidium in patients undergoing endoscopy-evidence for an asymptomatic carrier state. Gastroenterology 1987 ; 92 :1597.

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7 2. Dwyer DM, et al. Salmonella newport Infection by fiberoptic colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc.l987 ; 33 : Graham DY, Alpert LC, Smith JL et al. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydra. Amm J. Gasroenterol 1998; 83: Gastroenterological Endoscopy

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11 surgical materials. In : Lawrence CA. Block eds. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger, 1968 : The Standards of Training and Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy : Infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy, guidelines for clinical application. Gastrointest. Endosc.1988 ; 33 : Rosen P, et al. Endoscope-induced colitis : description, probable cause by glutaraldehyde, and prevention. Gastrointest. Endosc.1994 ; 40 : Norback D. Skin and respiratory symptoms from exposure to alkaline gultaraldehyde in medical services. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1998 :14 : Gerding DN, et al. Cleaning and disaffection of fiberoptic endoscopes : evaluation of gulutaraldehyde exposure time and forced-air drying. Gastroenterology 1982 ; 83: Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfect of medical and Gastroenterological Endoscopy

12 1. Durante L, et al. Investigation of outbreak of bloody diarrhea : association with endoscopec cleaning solution and demonstration of lesions in an animal model. Am J Med 1992 ; 92 : Jonas G, et al. Chemical colitis due to endoscope cleaning solutions : A mimic of pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 1988 ; 95 : Dolce P, et al. Outbreak of gulutaraldehayde-induced proctocolitis. Am J Infect Control,l995 ; 23 : Gerding DN, et al. Cleaning and disinfection of fiberoptic endoscopes : evaluation of gulutaraldehyde exposure time and forcedair drying. Gastroenterology 1982 ; 83 :

13 1. Rosen P, et al. Endoscope-induced colitis : description, probable cause by glutaraldehyde, and prevention. Gastrointest. Endosc.1994 ; 40 : Norback D. Skin and respiratory symptoms from exposure to alkaline gultaraldehyde in medical services. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1988:14:

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