JILPT The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

Transcription

1 JILPTThe Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

2 The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

3 20056

4

5

6

7 ,

8

9 (1) (2) (3) C.F.R.541 manual laborer blue collar 455

10 4 100, i iiiii iv ,000

11 455 academic administration i455 ii 2 100,000 iii 455 i ii

12 teacher practice of law or medicine computer employees i455 ii i ii iii iv

13

14 AGIRC AGIRC 4 1 1,

15 managing executive

16 (Arbeitszeitgesetz 1994 (Fair 3 Labor Standards Act) Ladenschlussgesetz i Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 5 3 i18 Jungendarbeitsschutzgezetzii Seemannsgesetz18 2,

17 1 1 35Code du travaill (reference period48 Working Time Regulation voyageurs,représentants et placiers cadres dirigeantsl (heures d équivalances) 35 L (dérogations permanentes) (dérogations temporaires) 2 18 managing executive family workers 20 1 domestic servant b

18 e (liquidated damages) 16b , ,

19 4 4 contravention Employment Tribunal Employment Tribunal Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service 1(durée maximale du travail) 1 10 L L L L (contingent annuel d heures supplémentaires)180 L L L (repos compensateur obligatoire) L

20 , , , ,840 2, , , , b 1 8 Arbeitszeitkonto a 7 7 (3) Vertrauensarbeitszeit

21 1modulation du temps de travail 1,600 1, L L cycles de travail L L i 5 ii ( 7 1 )

22 1(Ruhezeit) Bundesurlaubsgesetz a 5 1 b

23 repos quotidien,repos journalier 2 11 L L.220-1D220-1 (repos hebdomadaire) 1 6 L (1) 1135 L L L L L.223-1L iii L L daily rest period weekly rest period

24 455

25

26

27

28 ,

29 16 FLSA 1 FLSA 50

30 1 5,

31

32 Fair Labor Standards Act FLSA FLSA FLSA 2 3 FLSA Wage-Hour Law FLSA FLSA U.S.C.S.202(a). 4 6 (a)(1) workweek

33 1.5 FLSA d 7 8 FLSA 1947 Portal-to-Portal Act of Walsh-Healey Act of Contract FLSA FLSA oppressive child labor 12c 30 12(a) 3(f) (1) 16(2)16 18 (1) ( 1 1 )13c(d) Equal Pay Act EPA FLSA 1963FLSA 6 (d) EPA6 (d)(1) equal skill, effort, and responsibility similar working conditions EPA 6 (d)(1) FLSA (6(d)(3)) EPA7 EPA FLSA FLSA 29 U.S.C.A (a) walking, riding or traveling preliminary or postliminary activities FLSA FLSA 4 (b)(d) 4 workday = 4 (c) , U.S.C FLSA

34 Work Hours and Safety Standards Act of FLSA FLSA FLSA 5 13 FLSA FLSA18a U.S.C C.F.R. Part 395, Hours of Service of Motor Vehicle Drivers Hours of Service Act Adamson Act U.S.C Federal Aviation Act U.S.C Overnight Motor Transp. Co. v. Missel, 316 U.S. 572,

35 preemption FLSA a1 individual coverage commerce ( 3 (b)) produce 16 3 j enterprise 3 r

36 18 enterprise coverage , s 21 FLSA 22 public agency FLSA 23 Labor Management Relations Act 24 affecting commerce FLSA a a1 26 a3 FLSA ,000, , , FLSA 3 (s) 2 250, , , , , FLSA 23 FLSA FLSA 3 d,s,x Taft-Hartley Act d 13a1

37 a5 a6 27 FLSA14 a7 28 4,000 a8 750 a10) a12 29 a15 criminal investigator a16 a b b b b3 34 b5 b6 35 b9 36 b10 37 b11 b12 b13 5 country elevator b14 b15 b16 b175 b a6 13b b C.F.R.395. Hours of Service of Motor Vehicle Drivers 33 Hours of Service Act U.S.C Federal Aviation Act U.S.C ,000 (13b9) 37 (A) B 13b10

38 b21 b24 b278 b28 b29 38 b30 13d c 13e 6 a3 13f FLSA 41 3 FLSA FLSA7a Child Labor Regulation b1b j

39 compensatory time-off 7 o 43 FLSA3 gemployee suffer or permit 44 hours worked 45 Code of Federal Regulation29 46 rest period, coffee break, snack break20 short rest periods Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985) FLSA (o)(3) 44 FLSA 3 (g) 29 C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R hours worked FLSA 3 (o) work-day C.F.R hours worked (a) b idleness C.F.R C.F.R b C.F.R C.F.R

40 51 grievance adjustment 30 bona fide meal periods participation in suggestion system 59 time on call C.F.R C.F.R (a). 29 C.F.R b C.F. R a C.F. R C.F.R C.F.R

41 FLSA FLSA C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R

42 the regular rate at which he is employed1.5 1 FLSA 7 (e) remuneration FLSA overtime-onovertime h C.F.R C. F. R C.F.R (e) overtime on overtime Amendment

43 e) FLSA f C.F.R C.F.R FLSA 29 C.F.R C.F.R FLSA FLSA

44 60 FLSA Belo Plan 78 7 (g) 79 FLSA 7 b b1527 b , , C.F.R Walling v. A. H. Belo Co., 316 U.S. 624 (1942) 4 Belo Plan Belo 54.5 Walling v. Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., 331 U.S. 17 (1947) Belo (f) C.F.R.548; 29 C.F.R FLSA

45 ,840 2, , FLSA , , ,080 2, National Labor Relations Board 83 bona fide 84 FLSA Secretary of Labor Wage and Hour Division FLSA 4 a Administrator 11a FLSA 4 d FLSA11cFLSA 85 FLSA 81 1,840 2, , , , National Labor Relations Act unfair labor practice bargaining unit straighttime earnings or wage FLSA 29 C.F.R

46 willfully 87 16a 88 FLSA FLSA FLSA a 2 15 a1 a2 FLSA a3) a4 a5 16b 16c liquidated damages 3 16c FLSA C.F.R ()

47 FLSA civil penalty 16e 91 10, injunction FLSA 92 16c FLSA FLSA 93 13a1 executive administrative professional capacity exempt 94 white-collar exemption outside salesman 91 FLSA a FLSA13a b non-exempt

48 95 FLSAa17 FLSA 6 d United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission FLSA FLSA FLSA FLSA FLSA 4 a 11ab FLSA 95 FLSA13(a)(1) (i) sales(ii) ordercontract FLSA13(a)(1) 29 C. F. R.541.0(c) GAO Report Federal Register preamble 13(a)(1)1938 FLSA 98 FLSA Report of Minimum Wage Study Commission Volume

49 4 d 100 Administrative Procedure Act FLSA 101 FLSA FLSA C.F.R long-test short-test C.F.R.785, Interpretative Bulletin on Hours Worked FLSA FLSA FLSA White-Color Exemption FLSA 3 ()wage 7 (e) remuneration FLSA White-Color Exemption43-44

50 a primary duty department or subdivision managementcustomarily and regularly2 two or more other employees direct hirefire advancementpromotion suggestionrecommendation particular weight discretionary power activities 20 service establishment service b C.F.R sole charge interest Federal Government

51 (1) (2) (3) a i management policy ii academic instruction or training i proprietor ii supervision iii assignment task i service 155 fee basis ii i b C.F.R

52 a (i) field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction work requiring advanced knowledge ii C.F.R C.F.R

53 iii teaching, tutoring, instructing or lecturing in the activity of imparting knowledge (iv) iii 2 iv FLSA6 6.5 b a i iii iv b

54 112 ( ) FLSA13(a)(1) 35,297 21, ,317 1, , ,961 1, , ,963 25, The New Economy and Its Impact on Executive, Administrative and Professional Exemptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 541rep1.htm Census Bureau1999 Current Population Survey FLSA13a FLSA salary basis test salary level tests duties tests C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R C.F.R

55 FLSA absences occasioned by the employer or by the operating requirements of the business ready willing able subject to reduction FLSA Kenneth L. Deavers, Policy Paper, Washington, D. C. based Employment Policy Foundation (EPF) C.F.R (a)29 C.F.R , 212, 312.

56 1 1 no-docking rule base salary level Family and Medical Leave Act 1 FMLA102(c)29 C.F.R offset 29 C.F.R C.F.R d 118 FLSA White-Color Exemption EPFEmployment Policy Foundation

57 upset salary level , ,

58 i ii iii iv C.F.R GAO Report HEHS , Fair Labor Standards Act : White-Collar Exemptions in the Modern Work Place (1999), at C.F.R , 202, 203, production sales 29 C.F.R C.F.R GAO, supra note at 24.

59 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 68 FR , A Subpart A General RegulationB Interpretation A B C D E F G H , Trends Views, LABOR RELATIONS WEEK (BNA), vol. 18, No. 42, at 1460 (2004)

60 FLSA13 a1 manual laborer blue collar 133 non-management FLSA rank Federal Register, Vol.69, No.79, April 23, 2004, 29 C.F.R. Part541, Preamble at FLSA 13a learned professional 29 C.F.R C.F.R.541.3a C.F.R C.F.R.541.3b primary duty 29 C.F.R FLSA13a1 29 C.F.R.541.3b2 29 C.F.R b3 29 C.F.R.541.3b4

61 job duty 138 FLSA FLSA FLSA FLSA Federal Register, at C.F.R C.F.R a 29 C.F.R b 142 piecework payment 29 C.F.R a C.F.R b

62 , compensation requirement infraction of workplace conduct rule 1 disciplinary C.F.R C.F.R therapist sanitarian social worker psychologist psychometrist C.F.R (b) C.F.R (a)(1) 29 C.F.R (c) 29 C.F.R (b) C.F.R (d) C.F.R Federal Register, at 22122

63 suspension jury fee witness fee military fee C.F.R (b)(5) C.F.R (b)(1) plan policy practice disability insurance plan 3 salary replacement benefit disability insurance law workers compensation law 1 29 C.F.R (b)(2) FMLA102(c)29 C.F.R (a) 153 infraction of safety rules of major significance in good faith penalty 29 C.F.R (b)(4) C.F.R (b)(3) C.F.R (b)(6).

64 actual practice 1997 Auer v. Robbins 156 number time period the number and geographic location of employee the number and geographic location of manager a clearly communicated policy 156 Auer v. Robbins, 519 U. S. 452 (1997). 1 FLSA7(a)(1) X Y amicus brief effectively communicate significant likelihood X salary-basis test

65 1 complaint mechanism a good faith commitment a deduction not permitted inadvertent made for reasons other than lack of work 157 window of correction 158 an employee handbook additional compensation C.F.R (a)(6) C.F.R (c) C.F.R (d).

66 employment arrangement additional compensation 455 commission on sales percentage 160 reasonable relationship reasonable relationship test ,000 1 FLSA13a1 highly compensated employee 162 total annual compensation 160 flat sum bonus payment straight-time hourly amount 50 one-half or any other basis paid time off 29 C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F.R (a).

67 payment for medical insurance , final payment calendar year fiscal year anniversary of hire year C.F.R (b)(1) ,000 20,000 10,000 10, C.F.R (b)(2) C.F.R (a) 100, C.F.R (b)(3) C.F.R (b)(4) C.F.R (29 C.F.R (c))

68 170 salaryduty 171 FLSA13a particular weight 175 principalmain majormost important C.F.R (d). 171 job title 29 C. F. R C.F.R (a) customarily and regularly occasional constant normallyrecurrently 1 29 C.F.R a bona fide 20-percent equity interest29 C.F.R business owner 29 C.F.R sole-charge exception (29 C.F.R )

69 176 exempt work primary duty requirement directly and closely related contribute to or facilitate C.F.R (a) nonexempt work 29 C.F.R C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b)(3)

70 interviewing selecting training setting adjusting directing supervision control promotion appraising disciplining planning technique apportioning material supply collection unit permanent status 182 setup work setting up of the work 29 C.F.R (b)(4) C.F.R (b)(8) C.F.R (b) C.F.R C. F. R

71 continuing function 187 establishment in charge of recognized subdivision supervisor 192 manager C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) location 29 C.F.R (c) 190 pool team 29 C.F.R (d) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c) C.F.R (d).

72 suggestion recommendation 195 supervisor relief supervisor working supervisor C.F.R C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b)

73 198 emergency 199 provide FLSA13a general business operation matter of significance the exercise of discretion and independent judgment C.F.R (c) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b)(1) C.F.R (b)(2) C.F.R (b)(3) 29 C.F.R (b)(4) C.F.R (a). 204 management management policy 29 C. F. R C.F.R (a).

74 level C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c) position of responsibility high level of skill or training (customarily and regularly) 29 C.F. R C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b).

75 source skill 213 statistician C.F.R (c) C.F.R (d) C.F.R C.F.R (e).

76 215 insurance claims adjuster executive assistant administrative assistant 219 human resources manager management consultant 220 purchasing agent 221 inspection work inspector 222 examiner grader 223 comparison C.F.R (f) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c) C.F.R (d) 220 (screen) personnel clerk 29 C.F.R (e) C.F.R (f) C.F.R (g) C.F.R (h)

77 shopping 224 inspector investigator 225 academic administration 226 i 455 ii entrance salary educational establishment elementary or secondary school superintendent academic counselor 229 psychologist lunch room manager dietitian 230 FLSA13a1 224 buyer 29 C.F.R (h) 225 skill technical ability C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c).

78 i 232 ii 233 i learned professional ii creative professional 234 work requiring advanced knowledge work which is predominantly intellectual in character, and which includes work requiring the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment C.F.R (a). 232 as distinguished from a general academic education and from an apprenticeship, and from training in the performance of routine mental, manual, or physical processes 29 C. F. R as opposed to work which can be produced by a person endowed with general manual or intellectual ability and training in a recognized field of artistic endeavor (in a recognized field of artistic or creative endeavor) 29 C.F.R C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F. R (c).

79 appropriate academic 238 customarilydegreed chemist 239 registered or certified medical technologist 240 registered nurse 241 dental hygienist 242 physician assistant 243 certified public accountant 244 chef 245 athletic training in the armed force attending a technical school attending a community college 29 C.F.R (d) pre-professional American Medical Association the Council of Medical Education 4 1 a fourth year of professional course work 29 C.F.R (e)(1) 241 State examining board licensed practical nurse 29 C.F.R (e)(2) 242 American Dental Association Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs 4 29 C.F.R (e)(3) 243 the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant physician assistant program4 the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistant 29 C.F.R (e)(4) C.F.R (e)(5) culinary arts program executive chef sous chef cook 29 C.F.R (e)(6)

80 trainer 246 funeral embalmer 247 paralegal legal assistant intelligence diligence accuracy 246 the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Program 4 National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification 29 C.F.R (e)(8) 247 the American Board of Funeral Service Education 4 29 C.F.R (e)(9) paralegal program 2 29 C.F.R (e)(7) C.F.R (f) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b).

81 252 copyist animator retoucher teacher practice of law or medicine 256 teaching, tutoring, instructing or lecturing in the activity of imparting knowledge 257 teacher of skilled and semi-skilled trades and occupations home economics teacher C.F.R (c) C.F.R (d) C.F.R C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b)

82 terminology podiatrist FLSA13a113a17 computer employees i ii 259 permanent conditional standard provisional temporary emergency unlimited C.F.R (c) C.F.R (a) C.F.R (b) C.F.R (c) C.F.R

83 design development documentation analysis creation testingmodification iii iv FLSA planning scheduling coordinating 2 29 C.F.R C.F.R (b) (2) The New Economy and Its Impact on Executive, Administrative and Professional Exemptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 268.

84 short-test 100, FLSA FLSA 50

85 ,448FLSA 1 6, , FLSA 2 1 FLSA 40 FLSA

86 FLSA

87

88 15

89 272 FLSA

90 FLSA FLSA

91

92 EU 10 EC ArbeitszeitgesetzArbZG Bereitschaftsdienst EC Simap 3 BAG BAG Ruhezeit ArbZG ArbZG a 4 a Arbeitsbereitschaft) 1 10 ArbZG a ArbZG 3 11 ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG 7 2 a ArbZG , Boerner, Anpassung des Arbeitszeitgesetzes an das Gemeinschaftsrecht, NJW 2004, NZA 2000, Simap 1 25EU 4 AP Nr. 12 zu 611 BGB Arbeitsbereitschaft mit Anm. von Träger. 5 NZA 2004,

93 ArbZG ArbZG Bundesurlaubsgesetz Entgeltfortzahlungsgesetz 1 8 ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG barbzg ArbZG2223 Ladenschlußgesetz Schunder, Der Ladenschluss auf dem Rückzug? Gesetz zur Verlängerung der Ladenöffnung, NJW 2003,

94 ArbZG 4 11 ArbZG ArbZG 6 ArbZG 9 ArbZG ArbeitszeitordnungAZO ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG Mehrarbeit 11 8 AZO ArbZG

95 Betriebsverfassungsgesetz Arbeitszeitkonto Gleitzeit 14 Altersteilzeitgesetz Seifert, Zeitkonten: Von der Normalarbeitszeit zu kontrolierter Flexibilität, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, , Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001,

96 16 ArbZG , ArbZG ArbZG Wiezer, Insolvenzsicherung von Arbeitszeitkonten, 2004, S. 39 ff; Kroll, Arbeitszeitkonten und ihre Abwicklung, 2004, S. 32 ff. 17 Bellmann/Ellguth/Promberger, Arbeitszeiten in der öffentlichen und privaten Dienstleistungswirtschaft Sachstand, Datenlage und Möglichkeiten einer verbesseren Erfassung aud Basis betriebsbezogener Erhebungen, Juni Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, a Wiezer, aao, S. 216 ff. 20 Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, BAG Urteil vom , BAGE 100, 258 = AP Nr. 57 zu 4 EntgeltFG.

97 SOEP Vertrauensarbeitszeit 22 Pannenberg/Wagner, DIW Discussion Paper, No. 234, Umfang und Kompensations von Überstunden Eine vergleichende Analyse für Westdeutschland und Großbritannien, 2000.

98 ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG EC93/104/EC EC Simap ArbZG 27 ArbZG 28 ArbZG Biswas, Vertrauesnarbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitfreiheit im arbeitszeitrechtlichen und betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Kontext, 2004, 31 ff. 24 Biswas, aao, S Biswas, aao, S. 224 ff. 26 ArbZG Biswas Biswas, aao, S Neumann/Biebl, ArbZG 14. Aufl., 2004, 7 ArbZG Rdn. 15 a und 15 b.

99 ArbZG ArbZG 4 29 ArbZG162 ArbZG 30 BAG IT Bilfinger Berger BAGBAG Biswas, Vertrauesnarbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitfreiheit im arbeitszeitrechtlichen und betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Kontext, Biswas, aao, S Biswas, aao, S AP Nr. 61 zu 80 BetrVG 1972 = NZA 2003, Schlachter, Vertrauensarbeitszeit in Deutschland und Japan, Oetker/Preis/Rieble, 50 Jahre Bundesarbeitsgericht, 2004,

100 ArbZG 162 ArbZG ArbZG 5 3 ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG ArbZG181 3 ArbZG ArbZG182 ArbZG Biswas, aao, S. 42 ff (BT-Dr. 12/5888, S. 32) 36 Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn. 43.

101 außertarifliche Angestellte BAG ArbZG Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn Hromadka, Das Recht der leitenden Angestellten im historisch-gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhang, 1979, S BAG, Beschluss vom , AP Nr. 3 zu 80 BetrVG 1972; BAG, Beschluss vom , AP Nr. 6 zu 80 BetrVG BAG

102 41 BAG ArbZG Ver. di. 41 Schliemann/Meyer, Arbeitszeitrecht, Rdn BAG, Beschluss vom , DB 2001, BAG, Beschluss vom , AP Nr. 111 zu 99 BetrVG 1972; BAG, Beschluss vom , NZA 1996, BAG, Beschluss vom , NZA 1996, 484; BAG, Beschluss vom , AP Nr. 61 zu 87 BetrVG 1972 (BAG Beschluß vom , NZA 1991, 434) 45 Franke, Der außertarifliche Angestellte, 1991, Franke, aao,

103 ac 10,519 12, C , Liedke, Wem gehrt die Republik? Die Konzern und ihre Verflechtungen,

104 b A A c M 9.7 4,000 10

105 , d BBilfinger Berger e A 5

106 30 38 f S S g W A B C D

107 54 h D ) 10 ac 10 a, e 6 1 g 1

108 Richtigkeitsgewähr

109

110 BGBl.S BGBl.S ( 1998, 221

111 Rufbereitschaft 4 EU

112 a b 12 c a Arbeitsbereitschaft Bereitschaftsdienst 10 b a 10 b

113 a a a a 6 1 2

114 7 1 2 a 2 a

115 EU

116 a

117 b aa bb cc c a ) a 1 10 b 1 5 c

118 a b

119 ( )

120

121 Tagessatz EC

122 BGB.S

123 a 20

124

125

126 a

127 a a

128 b

129 a b c a b c a b c a b 6 180

130

131 (Arbeitszeitsaldo)

132

133 /

134 20035 * ** Christi Himmelfahrt * KUG **

135

136 col blanc cadres PELISSIER(J.), SUPIOT(A.) et JEAMMAUD(A.), Droit du travail, 21 e éd., Paris, Dalloz, 2002, pp.1012 et s.; RAY(J.-E.), Droit du travail: Droit vivant, 11 e éd., Paris, LIAISONS, 2002, pp.97 et s. RAY(J.-E.),Temps de travail des cadres et 35 heures: Un tournat à négocier collectivement, Droit social, 1998, pp.979 et s.; ANTONMATTEI(P.-H.),Les cadres et les 35 heures: la règle de trios!, Droit social, 1999, pp.996 et s.; ANTONMATTEI(P.-H.),Les cadres et les 35 heures: de la règle de trios à la règle de quatre!, Droit social, 2000, pp.159 et s.; G OMEZ-M USTEL(M.-J.),Les cadres et le temps de travail, Revue de Jurisprudence Sociale, 2000, pp.158 et s.; liaisons sociales,les cadres dans l entreprise, supplément au numéro du 27 décembre G. T. CGT-FO liaisons sociales, Législation sociale, N o 8360, 30 janvier 2003; liaisons sociales, Documents, N o 17/2003, 27 février 2003; liaisons sociales, Bref social, N o 13874, 17 avril Le Monde, le 10 septembre 2004, p.1 et 8;

137 1 一般の労働者の労働時間法制フランスの労働時間法制の主な枠組み 内容は 労働法典 (code du travail) の中の第二部 労働に関する規制 第一編 労働条件 第二章 労働時間 (L 条以下 ) を初めとする諸規定によって定められている 実効性を確保する手段としては 労働監督官による法遵守等についての管理 監督 4 のほか 法律規定を根拠に裁判所に救済を求めることができる 裁判所の管轄は 使用者と労働者の間の個別的紛争を管轄する労働審判所 労使間の集団的紛争を管轄する民事通常裁判所 罰則の適用を管轄する刑事通常裁判所に分かれている フランスの一般的な労働時間法制の概要は 以下のとおりである (1) 法定労働時間フランスの法定労働時間は 1936 年に週 40 時間 1982 年に週 39 時間とされていたが 第 1 次オブリー法により 2000 年から ( 従業員数 20 人以下の企業については2002 年から ) 週 35 時間に短縮された ( 労働法典 L 条 ) 5 これを超える労働をさせる場合には 下記(2) の超過時間労働の要件を満たさなければならない (2) 超過時間労働法定時間労働を超える労働 ( 超過時間労働 ) をさせるためには 使用者は 原則として 労働監督官の許可を得 かつ 一定の割増賃金を支払わなければならない ア労働監督官の許可 1982 年以前には すべての超過時間労働に労働監督官の許可が必要とされていたが 1982 年 6 月 16 日のオルドナンス ( 委任立法権限に基づく緊急命令 ) は 超過時間労働の実施に一定の柔軟性を付与するため 労働監督官の許可を要しない年間枠 (contingent annuel d heures supplémentaires) を設定した (L 条 ) 6 この年間枠はデクレ( 行政命令 ) によって定められる ( 従来は130 時間とされていたがラファラン政権下の2002 年 10 月 15 日のデクレによって180 時間に改められた ) が 拡張適用される産業部門労働協約 労使協定 7 によってこれと異なる年間枠を定めることも可能とされている 法定労働時間が週 39 時間から 35 時間に短縮される際には 多くの産業部門でこの年間枠を拡大する協約 協定が締結され その拡大された枠の中で労働時間の柔軟な調整が行われた イ割増賃金 4 労働監督官は 労働時間等に関する労働法典及び非法典化法文の諸規定ならびに労働協約 労使協定の規定について その実施状況を司法警察官とともに監視し 必要あるときには違反の事実を確証するものとされている ( 労働法典 L 条 ) 5 なお 第 1 次オブリー法は この労働時間性を判断するための基礎となる 実労働時間 概念につき それまでの判例を参考にして 実労働時間とは 労働者が使用者に使用されている時間で 使用者の指揮命令に従わなければならず 個人的活動に自由に従事することができない時間をいう との定義規定を設けた (L 条 1 項 ) 6 この年間枠内での超過労働時間の実施には労働監督官の許可は不要であるが 労働監督官及び従業員代表が存在する場合には従業員代表 ( 企業委員会又はそれを欠く場合には従業員代表委員 ) に 事前に通知することが必要とされている 年間枠を超える超過労働時間の実施には労働監督官の許可が必要となる 7 労働協約の拡張適用とは 労働協約の適用範囲において代表性を有する使用者団体又は労働組合の一つからの要求 又は 労働大臣自身の発意に基づき 大臣の命令 ( アレテ ) により 労働協約の職業的 地域的適用範囲に含まれるすべての使用者及び労働者に対し その効力を及ぼすことをいう (L 条以下 )

138 L L a L L L L L L.213-1

139 , d1 1 L , L L L L cadres employés L , ,600 L

140 L L cadres cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, pp.1012 et s.

141 cadres dirigeants L AGIRC cadres intégrés L autres cadres conventions individuelles de forfait L Circ.DRT n o 06 du 14 avril 2003, Fiche n o cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, p

142 , L L cadres autonomes 2 L cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, p salariés itinérants non cadres L L L

143 , CGT-FO

144 G. T CGT-FO 32 CGT-FO

145

146 37 37 CGT-FO

147

148 1998 Working Time Regulation Factory Acts Shop Acts Coal Mining Acts Trade Boards Act (5) S. Deakin G. S. Morris, Labour Law, 2 nd ed., (Butterworths, 1998), pp B. Hepple S. Fredman, Labour Law and Industrial Relations in Great Britain, 2 nd ed., (Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1992), pp B.Hepple C.Hakim, United Kingdom, European Communities, Legal and Contractual Limitations to Working Time in the European Union, 2 nd ed., (Peeters, 1997), pp

149 Wages Councils Act 3 Wages Council 4 Factories Acts Mines and Quarries Act Young Person (Employment) Act Wages Act Sex Discrimination Act Employment Act Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act Sunday Trading Act business European Union EU

150 Children and Young Person Acts 1933 and EC EC EC 118 a 9 10 EC EC European Council Single European Act a EC 7 EC , , ,948 1,683 1, EC 1 48 EU a European Parliament Economic and Social Committee EU

151 12 13 EC a European Court of Justice EC The Department of Trade and Industry Regulatory Guidance DTI 17 DTI working tine a at his employer s disposal brelevant training 12 Council Directive concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time(93104ec) 13 EC U.K. v. Council of the European Union C-84/94 [1997] I.R.L.R EU EU Council Directive on the protection of young people at work94 33EC 1 EU DTI G. Phillips K. Scott, Employment Law, (Jordans, 2003) p

152 crelevant agreement 18 additional period 2 1 DTI 19 business lunches 24 on-call time a employee worker 20 a contract of employmentb profession business clientcustomer workservice employer collective agreement workforce agreement DTI 2 WORKING TIME LIMITS

153 DTI 21 control 4 freelancer 22 young workers 23 adult workers mobile non-mobile DTI garage 21 DTI 1 WHO S WHO 22 National Traineeship New Deal DTI child EC 8 1 a adolescent b force majeure 3 27

154 own account transport services EC adequate rest domestic servant a reference period reasonable steps EC EC SI , regs 1(3), 3(1)(a),(c) SI , regs 1(3),3(1)(b)

155 DTI b DTI 2 Employers must check 30 21

156 31 DTI night work night time 7 midnight night worker DTI 34 3 as a normal course DTI 2 What if worker agrees to work longer hours? 32 DTI DTI 3 WORKING AT NIGHT who is a night worker?

157 special hazards heavy physical or mental strain Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations risk assessment free health assessment 1 a b 10 6 restricted period i assessment of his health and capacitiesii 2 a b DTI 37 questionnaire medical examination health and safety arrangements 5 health surveillance6 health and safety assistance7 37 DTI 4 HEALTH ASSESSMENTS FOR NIGHT WORKERS

158 DTI DTI 39 DTI 9 Sample Health Questionnaire. 1.(Surname) 2.(First and second name/s) 3.(Sex) 4. (Date of birth) 5. (Permanent address) 6. (Job title) 7. (National insurance no.) 8. (Department/clock no.)....

159 2 7 6 time off daily rest be split up over the day 1 of short duration

160 weekly rest period b rest breaks 41 workstation leave year 4 entitlement to annual leave DTI 6 REST BREAKS AT WORK 43 13(1) 2 (2)(a) (b)

161 agriculture DTI (b) 4

162 A DTI DTI 7 More Detailed Information 51 8 bank holiday 1971 Banking and Financial Dealings Act

163 a bdti other special cases DTI 8 MORE ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE REGULATIONS 53 DTI DTI 8 special circumstances

164 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 e shift workers 22 1 (a) (b) domestic servant 19 55

165 24 period of compensatory rest DTI 57 2 a 1974 Health and Safety at work etc Act 1974 Health and Safety Executive local authority enforce 28 Health and Safety Commission Enforcement Policy Statement 56 DTI 8 57 DTI 8 More About Keeping Records

166 consumer services offences 29 improvement notice prohibition notice 59 detriment Employment Tribunals unfair dismissal b remedies Employment Tribunals Act 1996 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service conciliation EC EC EC 1985 EC1 58 DTI 8 More About Enforcement lay Employment Rights Act A A 63 Gillian Phillips and Karen Scott, op. cit., p.33.

167 EC 64 EC European Community 118 a Commission European Parliament Economic and Social Committee 118 Council /391/EECCouncil Directive89391EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction ofmeasures toencourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers the International Labour Organisation

168 a period of compensatory rest b 65

169 relevant requirement EC 6 67 EC 181 b (i) EC

170 7 5 2 EC 181 b i a i EC 171 EC EC 68 EC (b) (i) (a) 7 (i) (ii) (a) (c) the Advisory Committee on Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work

171 201 EC a managing executives b family workersc 70 EC 171 Member States a Unmeasured working time1 Peter Wallington, EMPLOYMENT LAW HANDBOOK, 12 th ed. (Butterworths, 2002), p (1)Regulations 4(1) and (2), 6(1), (2) and (7), 10(1), 11(1) and (2) and 12(1) do not apply in relation to a worker where, on account of the specific characteristics of the activity in which he is engaged, the duration of his working time is not measured or predetermined or can be determined by the worker himself, as may be the case for (a)managing executives or other persons with autonomous decision-taking powers; (b)family workers; or (c)workers officiating at religious ceremonies in churches and religious communities. 71 EC

172 bc EC EC 171 EC 171 EC preparatory documents neutral EC 17 Derogations1 Peter Wallington, op. cit., p With due regard for the general principles of the protection of the safety and health of workers, Member States may derogate from Article 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 or 16 when, on account of the specific characteristics of the activity concerned, the duration of the working time is not measured and/or predetermined or can be determined by the workers themselves, and particularly in the case of (a)managing executives or other persons with autonomous decision-taking powers; (b)family workers; or (c)workers officiating at religious ceremonies in churches and religious communities EC John McMullen Martin Brewer, Working Time -Law and Practice, (Sweet Maxwell, 2001) p. 180

173 common sense EC 74 DTI DTI DTI DTI DTI 1999 DTI DTI DTI test John McMullen Martin Brewer, op. cit., p DTI 8 76 John McMullen Martin Brewer, op. cit., p. 181.

174 77 senior manager DTI DTI DTI 813 Unmeasured working time Catherine Barnard, Simon Deakin and Richard Hobbs, Opting Out of the 48-Hour Week: Employer Necessity or Individual Choice? An Empirical Study of the Operation of Article 18(1)(b) of the Working Time Directive in the UK, Industrial Law Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4, December 2003, p Peter Wallington, op. cit., p Where part of the working time of a worker is measured or predetermined or cannot be determined by the worker himself but the specific characteristics of the activity are such that, without being required to do so by the employer, the worker may also do work the duration of which is not measured or predetermined or can be determined by the worker himself, regulations 4(1) and (2) and 6(1), (2) and (7) shall apply only to so much of his work as is measured or predetermined or cannot be determined by the worker himself. 81 EC 18

175 without being required to do so by the employer DTI DTI HC Official Report, First Standing Committee, November 2, 1999, cols 4, National Minimum Wage Act

176 those that have the capacity to choose how long they work DTI DTI A A A 2 B B B 3 C1 42 C C C C 4 D 1 42 D D D 5 40 E 1 12 E 85 DTI Partly unmeasured working time 86 DTI 8 Some Examples

177 6 F FF 7 G G 8 H H H

178 EC DTI EC 249 EU11 88 John McMullenMartin Brewer, op. cit., pp , NW Selwyn, Selwyn s LAW OF EMPLOYMENT, 12 th ed. (Butterworths, 2002) pp

179 the specific characteristics of the activity a b c DTI 1 90 ILO persons holding position of supervision or management 1 persons occupying position of management 30 8

180 TUC Trades Union Congress EU DTI About time: A new Agenda for Shaping Working Hours (London: TUC, 2002). 92 S. Hicks, Long Hours Working: A Summary of Analysis from the Labour Force Survey (London: DTI, 2002). 93 C. Barnard, et al., op. cit., p. 223.

181 detriment 31 unfair dismissal DTI CBI Confederation of British Industry EC C. S. R C. Barnard, et al., op. cit., Table1-5, pp CBI/Pertemps Employment Trends Survey. 96 C Barnard et al., op. cit., pp

182 Commission of the European Communities, op.cit., p Barnard et al., op.cit., p UK Government, op.cit., para Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, concerning the reexam of Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time, Document COM (2003) 843 final,30 December 2003, p UK Government, Communication from the Commission concerning the re-examination of Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time response of the United Kingdom, 27 February 2004, paras

183 1 1 a 65 c d EU

184 DTI

185 EC 171 EC

186

187 TEL TEL FAX ISBN C URL:

188 The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training