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1 Taisuke Nishigauchi August 9, Facebook English? Unlike un Unlike Friend and unfriend Conversion More on un: unplugged Two versions of Layla Which is unplugged? *modernerize Google (backshift) (26)

1 Two versions of Layla... 5 3.2 Which is unplugged?... 5 4 *modernerize 6 4.1... 6 4.2... 6 4.3 Google.

2 1 Facebook English? Unlike 1.1 un- (affix) ( prefix, suffix) = (derivation) (base) (1) (affix) (2) un+ : unable, unafraid, uncertain, unclean, unkind, unlucky (3) un A 1. : 2. : 3. : (4) un+ : unbutton, undo, unlock, unplug, untie (5) a. John unlocked the door. b. John untied the knot. (6) un V - 1. : (V 1 ) 2. : (V 2 ) 3. : V 1 V 1 V 1 V 1 V 1 2

3 (7) un V - *unwalk, *unlaugh, *undance, *untalk (8) *unsee, *unremember, *untouch unlearn Do Right To Me Baby Bob Dylan: Slow Train Coming, Don t wanna judge nobody, don t wanna be judged Don t wanna touch nobody, don t wanna be touched Don t wanna hurt nobody, don t wanna be hurt Don t wanna treat nobody like they was dirt But if you do right to me, baby I ll do right to you too Got to do unto others like you d have them Like you d have them, do unto you... Don t wanna burn nobody, don t wanna be burned Don t wanna learn from nobody what I gotta unlearn Don t wanna cheat nobody but don t wanna be cheated Don t wanna defeat nobody if they re already been defeated unlearn: to change the way that you have learned to think or do things, usually because that way is not good or useful. McMillan Dictionary. to try to forget (something learnt) or to discard (accumulated knowledge) Collins English Dictionary 1.2 Unlike unlike Taking back your approval of something that s been said or done, or something posted online. This term originates from Facebook, where you can publicly say you like something, and then have the option to take the like back. Unlike does not mean you dislike something. 3

right to me, baby I ll do right to you too Got to do unto others like you d have them Like you d have them, do unto you.

4 To reverse or negate one s previous liking of something. Unlike is, in that sense, the reciprocal of like. It does not mean dislike. It is a word specifically reserved for negation of one s previous liking of something. It is not preemptive, thus a thing cannot be unliked before it has been liked. In order to be unliked, a thing must be currently liked, regardless of whether or not it has ever been liked or unliked in the past. unlike = like un+like 2 Friend and unfriend 2.1 When you friend a user on a social networking website, you add that person to your list of online friends. When you remove a person from your friend list, you unfriend that user Conversion In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. [1] For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). Wikipedia Eve V. Clark and Herbert H. Clark When Nouns Surface as Verbs Language Vol. 55, No. 4 (Dec., 1979), pp (9) John butchered the cow. (their (7)) (10) John did to the cow the act that one would normally expect a butcher to do to a cow. (their (8)) [other examples] jockey the horse, referee the game, nurse the patient, tutor the boys, police the park, etc. (11) Edward powdered the aspirin. (their (9)) 4

In order to be unliked, a thing must be currently liked, regardless of whether or not it has ever been liked or unliked in the past. www.urbandictionary.

5 (12) Edward did something to cause it to come about that the aspirin was powder. (their (10)) [other examples] fool the man, orphan the children, baby the student, knight Gawain, cripple the man, beggar his opponents, widow the woman, etc. [more quote from Clark & Clark (1979), p. 775] In John fathered the child, with an agent verb, John is the father; but in John orphaned the child, with a goal verb, the child (not John) is the orphan.... For agent verbs, the parent nous denote roles or professions that people take on deliberately. For goal verbs, however, the parent nouns denote roles conferred on people by external forces, sometimes against their will. It is because butchering is an active role that The school butchered John cannot be taken to mean The school turned John into a butcher. Yet being a fool is a role that can be either active or receptive, as in Nick fooled around with Asta vs. Nick fooled Nora. friend Clark & Clark (1979) goal verb 3 More on un: unplugged 3.1 Two versions of Layla Layla is a song written by Eric Clapton and Jim Gordon, originally released by their blues rock band Derek and the Dominos, as the thirteenth track from their album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (November 1970).... Two versions have achieved chart success, the first in 1972 and the second (without the piano coda) twenty years later as an acoustic Unplugged performance. In 2004 it was ranked #27 on Rolling Stone s list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and the acoustic version won the 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. Wikipedia 3.2 Which is unplugged? (13) A (14) A un A A V ed V ed un V V plug(g) plug(g) 5

775] In John fathered the child, with an agent verb, John is the father; but in John orphaned the child, with a goal verb, the child (not John) is the orphan.

6 4 *modernerize 4.1 unkind, kindness walks, walked naturalizes = natur(e) -al -ize -s } {{ } } {{ } } {{ } 4.2 *modernerize = *modern -er -ize worsen = bad better (the situation), further (one s career) -er worse -en 6

7 4.3 Google *modernerize (15) For their time Arena would be second but now u can t modernerize the controls so it feels akward. (16) The biggest country with over 250 Mio people buy 31 new tnaks and modernerize 31 more tanks... GREAT! And I thought Germany was f+cked up with buying new toys... (17) Awesome! I m excited to see what Ed Scott brings to the table. Hopefully the SFX endings will leave with Wyman. I wonder if Scott will convince Corday to finally modernerize DAYS and create a new opening (with the characters featured). I hope so! boards.soapoperanetwork.com/topic/ (18) I like theyre early stuff. Dookie, nimrod, warning, and i got american idiot. and yes theyre sellouts. they changed their style so they would be popular. They went to modernerize to get on the charts. And for that, they lost a lot of fans, just changing theyre sound, even though they were one of the most beloved punk bands of the 90s What s your view on the band: Green Day? answers.yahoo.com/question/ biggerize (19) Biggerize The act of making something larger, the object in question usually something already large to begin with. Biggerize it. I would like to beggerize my combo meal. (20) Cheapola faux-silk roses (center photo, above, click to biggerize) can be made better, if you re willing to fiddle with them a bit. (21) DakkaDakka.com has forums for all types of wargaming as well as tutorials, reviews and a huge image gallery. How to biggerize Grey knight marines? (22) A mysterious figure turns up at his door, offering a tube of a substance that will, he assures our hero, allow him to enlarge biggerize his living space. smarterize (23) You should all probably find some smarter friends, and maybe smarterize yourselves as well. 7

militaryphotos.net/forums/ (17) Awesome! I m excited to see what Ed Scott brings to the table. Hopefully the SFX endings will leave with Wyman.

8 (24) Nonsense. slows down stupid people, just like things in general slow down stupid people, and they think they require web based ajax powered to do lists when what they really need is to smarterize themselves by reading more books. I used smarterize, which is not a word, and I spelled it in an American fashion because I am like Willy O Dea in that I can say and do completely fucking stupid things. Full Bob Geldof story. 4.4 strawberry blueberry cranberry berry Yahoo! berry 8

based ajax powered to do lists when what they really need is to smarterize themselves by reading more books.

9 esque arabesque burlesque Romanesque Japanesque Junoesque picaresque Moresque humoresque picturesque sculpturesque grotesque statuesque 2. -er+ize (erize 23 ) 3. (disbelief, misbelief, unbelief) 4. man s (bailsman, bandsman, batsman, bondsman, brakesman, etc.) 9

10 EXWord berry * *berry berry Yahoo! 1. un able un able unacceptable, unadaptable, unreasonable, etc. 10

11 2. in-, im- -ity (inability, incongruity, immorality, impossibility, etc.) un- -ity unconditionality, ungrammaticality 5 goo Within minutes of returning from the Moscow summit, President Nixon said Thursday that the Soviet-American arms control agreement will assure that no power on earth... will be stronger than the United States in the future. [ ] said will 5.1 (25) U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry s euphoria over securing Russia s joint sponsorship of a Syrian peace conference didn t last very long. Soon after Kerry s triumphant visit to Moscow in May, reports surfaced that Russia had made another weapons shipment to beleaguered Syrian leader Bashar al-assad. CNN.com, June 21, (26) Rio de Janeiro (CNN) A massive crowd of demonstrators swelled around an iconic church in the heart of Rio de Janeiro on Thursday, shouting down with corruption and I can live without the World Cup. (a)cnn affiliate Band News reported that police used tear gas in some areas of the city as clashes erupted. (b)police initially reported tens of thousands of protesters in Rio de Janeiro but later said the crowds had grown to more than 300,000 people. (c)one death was reported in Sao Paulo state, where a young man was run over by an SUV at an intersection during a demonstration, state police said. Outside the Candelaria Church, organizers called for protesters to march peacefully as they listed a wide variety of demands directed at the South American country s government. (d)in the nation s capital, a group of protesters on Thursday twice forced their way into the foreign ministry building. Police repelled both incursions, but not before protesters lit a fire inside the building, state media reported

no power on earth... will be stronger than the United States in the future. [ ] said will 5.1 (25) U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry s euphoria over securing Russia s joint sponsorship of a Syrian peace conference didn t last very long.

12 (e)orofino said she hoped this week s protests will mark a turning point in Brazil, where democracy is still relatively young. CNN.com, June 21, (25) (backshift) (26) 5.2 (backshift) (27) John{thinks/ believes/ says} the earth is flat. (27) 1. John The earth is not round, Copernicus was wrong, etc. 2. (backshift) (backshift) 1: (28) Mary is older than she is. (29) Mary{says/claims} she is older than she is. ( 2) Mary Mary (30) Mary says, I am 21 years old when she is actually 19 years old. (29) (31) a. Mary{said/claimed} yesterday that she was older than she was. b. Mary{said/claimed} yesterday that she is older than she is. (backshift) (31a) (30) (31b) 12

(backshift) (backshift) 1: (28) Mary is older than she is. (29) Mary{says/claims} she is older than she is.

13 2: (32) a. She said she doesn t need it, so I ll let Bill have it. b. She said there was plenty left, but there s hardly any. If I endorse or accept the original, this will somewhat favour the deictic present version, and conversely if I reject it this will favour backshift. Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, (26) (26 a) CNN affiliate Band News reported that police used tear gas in some areas of the city as clashes erupted. (26 b) Police initially reported tens of thousands of protesters in Rio de Janeiro but later said the crowds had grown to more than 300,000 people. (26 c) (26 d) One death was reported in Sao Paulo state, where a young man was run over by an SUV at an intersection during a demonstration, state police said. In the nation s capital, a group of protesters on Thursday twice forced their way into the foreign ministry building. Police repelled both incursions, but not before protesters lit a fire inside the building, state media reported. (parenthetical) (26 e) Orofino said she hoped this week s protests will mark a turning point in Brazil, where democracy is still relatively young If the indirect speech itself contains a subordinate clause, then the verb of that subordinate clause may be in the present tense because of current validity even though both the main verb of the sentence and the superordinate verb are in the past: They reminded us that they had frequently denied that the drug has any therapeutic value. She thought she had told me that breakfast is served between seven and ten. R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, J. Svartvik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman,

Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 5.

14 5.4 The British National Corpus (BNC) say, announce, report say that 14

C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S S X+S2 X A. S1 2 a. b. c. d. e. 2

C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S S X+S2 X A. S1 2 a. b. c. d. e. 2 I. 200 2 II. ( 2001) 30 1992 Do X for S2 because S1(is not desirable) XS S2 A. S1 S2 B. S S2 S2 X 1 C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X 12 15 S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S2 4 13 S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S2. 2. 3.. S X+S2 X A. S1 2