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1 CO2 CO2 CO2-1 -

2 CO2 CO2-2 -

3 CO2 CO2-3 -

4 CO2 CO2-4 -

5 CO2 CO2-5 -

6 CO2 CO2-6 -

7 CO2 CO2-7 -

8 CO2 CO2-8 -

9 CO2 CO2-9 -

10 CO2 CO2-10 -

11 CO2 CO2-11 -

12 CO2 CO2-12 -

13 CO2 CO2-13 -

14 CO2 CO2-14 -

15 CO2 CO2-15 -

16 CO2 CO2-16 -

17 CO2 GDP GDP

18 GDP

19 - 19 -

20 - 20 -

21 CIF CIF ,461 21,203 33,522 38,340 20,326 11,057 18, CIF OPECOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

22 CIF CIF ,333 10,003 9,723 10,024 7,206 4,781 4, CIF

23 CIF CIF LNG ,848 22,673 39,344 58,181 28,729 17,235 28, LNG CIF1973 LNG

24 CIF JCCJapan Crude Cocktail

25 2000 CCLClimate Change Levy 10 CCLA80% 17 CCLA CO CCL: Climate Change Levy Economic Instruments and the Business Use of Energy 17 5, NICs: National Insurance Contributions 0.3 CCLAClimate Change Levy Agreement CCL

26 CCL CCL 1 CCL , , CCL t-c 3 TH Treasury Dec Pre-Budget Report

27 - 27 -

28 - 28 -

29 CCL 80 CCL DEFRA CO2 CCL CCLA sector association underlying agreements DEFRA CCL CCL CCL t-c

30 IPPC GHGs CO2 GHGs CO2 4 CCL 6 40 ETSU ETSU 3 BAU Business As Usual ACE All Cost Effective ATP All Technically Possible ETSU ACE BAU CCL BAU 250 ACE 60%DEFRA

31 2000 CCLClimate Change Levy CCLA80% CCLA CCL 2 DEFRA 80% CCL 80% CCL 80 2 CCL t-c CCL t-c

32 t-c 221PJ 280 t-c CCL CCL 80% EU 2005 EU EU 80EU EU EU EU State Aid Rules 5 EU CCL EU EU EU State Aid Rules EU 2 4 DEFRA Climate Change Agreements - Results of the First Target Period Assessment: Part 1, Climate Change Agreements - Results of the First Target Period Assessment: Part 2 5 Point Carbon UK TAX BREAK TO PREVENT EXODUS FROM EU ETS -

33 1999 EcoTax Reform Eco-Tax 2 3 DM

34 Stromsteuergesetz (Eco-Tax)

35 6 htm

36 - 36 -

37 - 37 -

38 1988 EC the General Environmental Provision Act EU 50% 50%

39 - 39 -

40 - 40 -

41 - 41 -

42 % Green Tax Reform Energy CO CO2 100DKr/t-CO

43 - 43 -

44 - 44 -

45 %VAT 50% EU % SEK/t-CO2 80 SEK/t-CO2 250 SEK/t-CO

46 SEK/t-CO SEK SEK SEK/t-CO2 530SEK/t-CO2 30 SEK SEK %

47 1kWh

48 NOK % 47%

49 EUETS

50 - 50 -

51

52 2.1 /kwh 8.5 /kwh

53

54 - 54 -

55 kwh

56 - 56 -

57 - 57 -

58 UNEP G UNFCCC IPCC IPCC 1988 IPCC INC INC INC5 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change6 UNCED

59 UNFCCC EUUNFCCC UNFCCC COP COP COP3 COP2 IPCC 2 COP3 Kyoto ProtocolUNFCCC 1997 COP

60 CO2CH4N2OHFCsPFCs SF6 6 B Annex B B %-7%EU -8% 0% B 2 3 sink

61 COP COP4 COP6 Buenos Aires Plan of Action COP5 COP COP6 EU COP6 COP7 COP6 EU Bonn AgreementCOP6 1 COP7-61 -

62 1 Supplementarity EU COP7 COP7 COP COP7 CDM CDM DOE DOE COP CDM CDM CDM COP9 COP LDCFthe Least Developed Countries FundSCCF the Special Climate Change Fund 8 8 CDM CER 2 CDM

63 COP/MOP2 COP I COP COP9 COP9-63 -

64 %

65 6% 6 6%

66 ,586 2%13 8 4,377 1,900 6% 3,708 3,300 9% 1,549 9,700 10% 1,509 7,300 7% 1,385 2,100 20% CO2 2,556 8, % 2 50 CDM/JI NEDO CDM/JI CDM/JI CDM/JI

67 CDM/JI NEDO CDM/JI CDM CDM PDDOE Operational Entity CDM

68 CDM 20 3 PDD 20 2 CDM/JI CDM/JI CDM/JI CDM/JI CDM CDM CDM OE CDM CDM

69 CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM OE CDM CDM CDM , ,250 2,680 3 CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM/JI 36 CDM NEDOCDM/JI NEDO 16 CDM/JI CDM JI

70 CDM JI CDM/JI 1/4 NEDO CDM/JI (Verification, Certification) ERUCER AAURMU

71 2008 AAU RMU JI ERU CDM CDM

72

73

74 CDM CDM CDM CER CDM Share of Proceeds CER CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM COP CDM validationregistration CDM

75 CDM/JI 15 a 29 CDM/JI CDM/JI PDD() b 16 a b c d a CO b CO,CH4,N2O,HFC,PFC,SF CER

76 CER a b c PDD t- CO t- CO a b c d CER CO CH4,N2O,HFC,PFC,SF6-76 -

77 2003 a 9 CO b CO c CO CER a b c a b

78 14 36 a 36 b % 4 14%RDF % % % c CO CO NGO 21 CO CO

79 CO CO CO CO CO CO

80 CO

81 AIM CO ,000 3,000 GDP 0.16% PPPpolluter pays principle

82 CDMJI CDM CDM 3 JI NEDO 6 t-co2 F/S 11 CDM DOEDesignated Operational Entity JQA TECO 2 CDM JI NEDO

83 CDM CDM CDM CDM CDM 18 e7 G7-83 -

84 OTC CDM JI OTC OTC (18 ) -

85 Shell BP (7 ) ()() PwChttp://

「欧州各国におけるエネルギー環境税制に関する調査」

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