Dynamics of Traditional Religion: Lahu Nyi of North Thailand Yoichi NISHIMOTO 2006: : La: Hu/

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1 Title 伝 統 宗 教 の 動 態 : 北 タイ 赤 ラフ 族 の 宗 教 Author(s) 西 本, 陽 一 Citation 金 沢 大 学 文 学 部 論 集. 行 動 科 学 哲 学 篇, 28: Issue Date Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Text version publisher URL Right *KURAに 登 録 されているコンテンツの 著 作 権 は, 執 筆 者, 出 版 社 ( 学 協 会 )などが 有 します *KURAに 登 録 されているコンテンツの 利 用 については, 著 作 権 法 に 規 定 されている 私 的 使 用 や 引 用 などの 範 囲 内 で 行 ってください * 著 作 権 法 に 規 定 されている 私 的 使 用 や 引 用 などの 範 囲 を 超 える 利 用 を 行 う 場 合 には, 著 作 権 者 の 許 諾 を 得 てください ただし, 著 作 権 者 から 著 作 権 等 管 理 事 業 者 ( 学 術 著 作 権 協 会, 日 本 著 作 出 版 権 管 理 システムなど)に 権 利 委 託 されているコンテンツの 利 用 手 続 については, 各 著 作 権 等 管 理 事 業 者 に 確 認 してください

2 Dynamics of Traditional Religion: Lahu Nyi of North Thailand Yoichi NISHIMOTO 2006: : La: Hu/

3 2004 Gui; sha ne: La: Hu/ Nyi? Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: chaw ya:to nu: to sha{suh{ ceh; va: ceh; g ui; sha ne: 2 3 2

4 g ui; shane: 4 5 aw; bon aw; shin? na[ sheh/ hpa: o? k o/ pui ve peh: tu? pa/peh: haw tu? ve 6 mvuh: : aw; bon aw; shin? ven: ba{ 9 aw; li: te ve aw; hi[ te ve 10 g ui; sha ca ve G ui; sha leh; te: ton ti? yo; 3

5 a pa Sha? Ca{ ai ma Na Ca? Ma Na K u Ma Na Hkai Ma Na Shin? Ma Na Bon Ma Na Vi? Ti[ ca ve 15 ya[ la ve ven: ba{ keh; la ve aw; bon aw; shin? ne: aw; haw? aw; bon aw; shin? che[ ve 4

6 Walker 1983: g ui; sha Sha? Ca{ ai ma ne: Pi Ya: aw; sheh/ hpa: chaw suh chaw ya: aw; to aw; ha to nu: to sha{ suh{ ceh; va: ceh; Pi Ya: 6 Pi Ya: 16 maw? pa/ ne: lon? 17 5

7 heh ja: ve 18 Walker 1976: 382 Pi Ya: ca ve aw; sheh/ hpa: hk aw ne: law; ne: i? ka{ ne: mvuh: hteh[ ne: taw/ ve 23 chaw suh 24 6

8 chaw suh aw/ ca/ pi: ve 25 chaw suh yeh; chaw suh mvuh: mi; taw/ ve jaw yeh; jaw mvuh: nyi la: ca: ve ha pa pa/ ca: ve 26 jaw te ve meh; suh ma: da[ ve aw; vi? aw; nyi meh; kao: la ve meh; jaw[ ve meh; taw/ ve 31 aw; bon 32 mvuh: ne: 7

9 33 G u Li? Ya? 34 mvuh: ne: shi/ che[ ve k o{ da[ hpeh[ ve 37 8

10 tsuh? tsuh: taw[ taw[-e tsuh? tsuh: che[ ve g a{ taw[-e tsuh? tsuh: caw; pa/ sha{ ta; 42 pi? ta ngaw-e shi? g eu[ ka{ eh{ chaw hteun/ heh pui? hk aw 43 chaw hteun/ 44 aw; ha aw; to 45 chaw suh mvuh: mi; aw; ha hk u hk aw[ ve aw; bon 9

11 g ui; sha ne: tsuh? tsuh: chaw hteun/ g ui; sha hpaw: ne: hpaw: 46 g ui; sha ca ve ne: ca ve maw? pa/maw?

12 aw; hkaw: shi/ ve cf. Walker 1981: 671 to bo haw? yeh; 50 shin? nyi sa/ la[ a ca la shaw/ 3 sa/ la[ ma a ca ma la shaw/ ma ta: la: pa/ka: shaw? ma 4 chaw ya: leu{ ve g ui; sha leu{ ve 53 11

13 54 55 A Pa Sha? Ca{ ai ma bon ku; ve pa{ keh ve peh: haw/ nyi ve taw/ ve 56 4 a ga? bon te pa/ 57 Ca; Heh Ta: La: Ta: La: Lon? 58 Walker 1975a:

14 14-15 shin? nyi shin? nyi a daw: hk a{ sheh/ shin? tan/ nyi yeh; bon pa/ i? ka{ li: shaw da[ ve li: kaw{ co ngeh{ 6 i? ka{ deh 6 13

15 Walker 1975a: 120, 1983 a daw: a ga? la shaw/ ma i? ka{ deh 66 14

16 Walker 2003: aw; bon aw shin? 67 paweh: te ve naw/ ca; k o/ shehn/ aw; bon aw; shin? hk aw[ ca: ve ya: mi: hk aw[ hk aw[ lon? haw? hk a{ hk aw[ hk aw[ eh? 15

17 bon ku; ve hk aw[ ceh; hk aw[ sheh/ hpa: aw; bon aw; shin? 71 a; sho-e; hta: k o heh hk a: u? mui; ve 72 heh pui? hk aw hk aw ne: 73 a? htaw ta: heu{ pi{ aw; li: meh? ve aw; tsuh[ 20 4 ma: da[ ma: na ve taw/ ve aw; bon aw; shin? shin? lon? shin? nyi sheh: kaw; ve sa? la{ te ve

18 11 4 kaw mo: ceh; 80 htu: ceh; 81 sheh: kaw; ceh; heh pui? hk aw 82 ven: ba{ taw/ ba; ve 83 sha: 84 aw; bon aw; shin? sha: 85 ma: da[ ma: na ve taw/ ve aw; hpeu; sha-a-a-a: a? mvuh hkehn 86 aw; bon aw; shin? 17

19 sha? la{ te ve hk aw ne: aw; bon aw; shin? sha? la{ aw; bon aw; hti/ phi? ho: phi? ha ne: lon? 88 aw; bon aw; shin? sha-a-a-a: g ui; lon? sha lon? aw; bon aw; shin? 18

20 hkaw? tan: aw; ha ma: cheh: ve aw; ha hk u hk aw[ ve khao phansa hkao; shin? hkao; ve ok phansa aw{ shin? aw{ ve shin? nyi lon? 15 shi? nyi eh? 14 shin? tan/ nyi 7 i? ka{ li: shaw da[ ve 91 yeh; bon pa/ 9 11 bon ku; ve a? mvuh hkehn 92 yeh; sheh/ ma mi? chaw 1-2 hpeu: meu: ca 1-2 meu: ven: sha: ve 19

21 sha-a-a-a: taw/ ve 2 93 maw: le; ve 94 hk aw ne: law ne: hkao; ve aw; bon aw; shin? heh nu: o? k o/ ta/ ve 100 ne: lon? 2 6 sha-a-a-a: 20

22 101 6 peh: daw 102 a? mvuh hkehn ne: te ve ne: ca ve ca; suh? aw/ ca: ve sha? la{ Htai 105 htu: ceh; bon te pa/ 107 va[ sha/ ca: ve ka[ te[ chi? ma: he{ he{ tu; te ve va[ sha/ ca: hta: te ve, ma: te k o va[ sha/ ca: bvuh{ ve 108 ven: ba{ ma: da[ ma: na ve taw/ ve taw/ ba; ve i? ka{ li: shaw 21

23 da[ ve chaw maw: aw; ve{ kai? aw; hkaw: shi/ ve 2 ca vea pa Sha? Ca{ NGO aw; vi? aw; nyi, 22

24 bon te ve bon heu{ ve bon peh: haw/ tu? ve sha:-a-a a? mvuh hkehn meu: ven: ve meu: ven: ha ven: 23

25 Walker 1975a: 120, 1983 i? ka{ li: shaw da[ ve bon shin? tan; nyi 12 shin? eh? 13 shin? lon? yeh; bon pa/ haw? yeh;

26 aw; ha 4 5 aw; g a: ma: maw; ve aw; ca: ma: meh; ve zuh[ ma: meh; ve zuh[ ma{ ma: da[ ve bon nu; ve sathani anamai aw; ha hk u hk aw[ vebon te ve 25

27 3 * * * * *? *? * * * * hkaw? tan: a? mvuh hkehn pa{ keh vetaw/ ve 126 k ao/ pi ve a? mvuh hkehn

28 bon te ve bon te ve aw; bon aw; shin? 128 a? mvuh hkehn peh: haw/ tu? ve aw; hkaw: shi/ ve haw? bon law; ve 27

29 133 sha? la{ te ve 134 aw; ha hk u hk aw{ ve bon te ve 135 bon bon va[ daw{ leh a? mvuh hkehn tcuh? ve aw; bon ca ve 28

30 aw; bon 136 ca/ la ve Aw; pa aw; e leh g ui; sha yo; ka: pui: ka: lao ca/ pi: ve aw; bon aw; pa aw e aw; li: ma: bi: ve aw; pa aw; e aw; li: caw; pi: ve yeh; hpaw: pa{ keh; ve 29

31 naw; pu naw; pi/ aw; li: caw; pi{ aw; hpeu; a? mvuh hkehn i? ka{ tsuh: pi: ve 141 hkehn pui suh? taw; ve 142 hkehn pui che[ ve aw; bon

32 chaw suh meh; aw; ha 144 gu{ gu{ pi pfuh/ ve aw; hkaw: k ao/ pi: ve 145 Ne: pi pfuh/ ve ne: pi pfuh/ ve hpeh: ve aw; hkaw: k ao/ pi: ve 147 sha{ meu{ ve sha{ sha{ meu{ ve meu{ ve 31

33 she/ she/ pa/ 148 ya: mi: ha? sha{ sha{ ha[ g a{ pfuh/ tcuh? nyi ve g a{ pfuh/ nyi ve va[ sheh/ nyi ve

34 taw: hte[ nyi ve peh: haw/ nyi ve peh: tu? nyi ve G ui; sha ya[ la ve G ui; sha htu: ve ta: la: ka: shaw? ma

35 g ui; sha ca ve ven: ba{ Shu ta: ti? peh/ Shu ta: daw{ Shu maw: ta: hk aw: Shu mia Shu aw; pa/ ta: hk aw: Fin/ ta: daw; Ya ma: shi/ ta: te 34

36 Tan: ka; ta: te Tzuh; ta: daw; Shu hta[ ta: he/ Shi? nyi k o kan? ma: te Shi? nyi k o a? hk aw ta[ i? cheh: Shi? nyi k o sha/ ta: ca: a; shoe; hta: g ui; sha hta[ hpi{ ve

37 chaw maw: hkaw: La: Hu/ aw; hi[ La: Hu/ aw; li: ven: ba{ 170 ne: 36

38 171 37

39 172 haw? yeh; shin? nyi ya[ la ve mui kui; u? geh: 178 kaw maw: ceh; thu: hi? ya[ la ve ne: ca ve shi? tan; nyi aw; bon aw shin? 38

40 taw/ ve ven: ba{ keh; la ve 179 yeh; bon pa/ kan: pa{ 180 peh: daw yeh; haw? yeh; hk a{ bon te ve yeh; bon pa/ hk aw ne: i? ka{ ne: 184 heh pui? hk aw ne: hta[ o? k o/ pui ve 39

41 ne: hta[ k ao/ pi: ve cf. Walker

42 Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: maw[ na{ paw hku: Matisoff 1988: pa? Lintner 1999, Smith 1999, Sombat 1997, Young 1962: 11, Lewis 1970:

43 Walker Walker 2003: Ch.9 mvuh: kaw ma ven: ba{ Sombat 1997: G ui; sha tcuh?-a ve G ui; sha nyi ma hk aw daw: keu la ve

44 20 19 Walker 2003, Law Ca; Bon Walker 2003: Walker 2003: Ca; La: Walker 2003: Ma? Heh G ui; Sha

45 Telford 1937: , Ca; Heh G ui; Sha H. Young n.d.: 135, Walker 2003: Paw Hku: Ye haw? yeh; 196 Walker 2003: Ca; Nu{ Ca; Nu{ Hpa: Ya:Ca; Nu{ Sha? Ca{ Solot Mong Hsat Mong Ton Ka Kwe Ye Young 1962: 11, Lewis 1970: Hpa; Ya: Ca; Ui/ 200 Lintner 1999, Smith 1999, Hanks and Hanks 2001, Lewis 1970, Lewis and Lewis 1984, Walker 1974, 2003, Sombat 1997,

46 Sombat 1997, aw; vi? aw; nyi La: Hu/ ya: Sombat 1997, pa{ keh ve peh: daw Sombat 1997, 2002 ven: ba{ pa[ keh ve Sombat 1997,

47 4 5 6 Yaw: shi/ pui? ja: A shi/ pui? ja: 20 kan: pa{ caw; ve B C shi/ pui? ja: D C hk a; deh[ htu: pi: ve kan: pa{ ui/ vema? Heh To Bo jaw: maw: o; 46

48 207 kan: pa{ shi/ pui? ja: ve yo; Walker 2003:

49 215 4 Walker 2003: Gui; sha tcuh? mi veg ui; sha ve meh{ hpfuh: hta[ g a maw; ve cf. Matisoff 1988: Walker 2003: Young 1962: 11, Lewis 1970: 86 Lewis 1970: 86, Sombat 1997,

50 Lintner 1999: 277 A A B A B A A 220 ma: hte: bon ku; 221 na; pi[ ma: keh veaw; li: meh; taw/ le{ 222 taw/ na{ shi/ ma: heu{ pi{ shu{

51 Young 1962: 11 Young 1962: 11, Lewis 1970: 86, Sombat 1997, 2002 Lewis 1970; 37, Lewis and Lewis 1984: 197 Walker 2003: 533 Ma? Heh G ui; Sha Ma[ Na{ To Bo Bradley 1977: 49, Lewis 1986: 266 Cao; Ta Shi/ Ya: Ui/ Cao; Ta Shi/ Lewis 1984: 88 ma[ baw{ pa/ ma: da[ ve Lintner 1999: , Smith 1999:

52 Ca; Heh Ta: La: Ta: La: Pa/ bon te pa/

53 G ui; sha ya[ la ve bon ku; ve aw; bon te ve aw; li: te ve pa{ keh ve ven: ba{ hkaw? tan: 229 aw; tsuh[ keu ve G ui; sha htu: ve ka{ ve 231 bon ku; ve 52

54 Ai Ma Na Ca? Ma gu: ve 234 aw; li: bon ku; ve haw? yeh; shin? nyi shin? tan/ nyi 235 nyi ma hk aw daw: keu la ve

55 aw; hpeu; 237 aw; ve{ kai? Ca; Mvuh: Caw aw; li: teh; teh; yeh; bon pa/

56 hti/ kan: pa{ peh: daw htu: ceh; kaw mo: ceh; li: kaw{ aw; tsuh[ taw/ ve ne: 55

57 hta[ o? k o/ ma: pui 243 aw; sheh/ hpa: chaw suh yeh; ne: chaw suh yeh; bon pa/ cf. Bunchuai 1963: 214, Walker 2003: taw/ ba; ve aw; tsuh[ ma: da[ ma: na ve 244 aw; nyi pa/ ve aw; li: aw; vi? pa/ ve aw; li: 245 sha/ hpa: nu:-e ve aw; li:

58 aw; li: teh; teh; maw? pa/ aw; li: 247 bon aw; li: bon ku; aw; li: te ve 2-3 aw; bon te ve aw; li: aw; tsuh[ K o{ teh; teh; k o, ma: daw: caw:, aw; li: chi 57

59 hkaw? tan: hkaw? tan: te, aw; bon te, a? mvuh hkehn tcuh? pa{ keh ve keu ve pa{ keh ve 58

60 yeh; bon pa/ teh: ma/ la: 30 yeh; ne: bon bon te ve 59

61 2 hk a{ u? pa/ hk aw ne: law; ne: 248 hk a{ bon te ve 60

62 ne: hai/ ve aw; li: ne: o? k o/ pui ve Walker 2003: 523 Paw Hku: Ye

63 Walker 2003: Pahom Pok 259 McCarthy :

64 spirit-house Ban Sen Pom McCarthy : 141 spirit-house McCarthy : haw? yeh; hk a{ seu[ sha: seu[ Young 1962: Musue Daeng

65 yeh; ne: Bunchuai 1963: Bunchuai 1963: 221 phi phi fa phi ruan phi muban phraphumcao 264 Bunchuai 1963: htu: ceh; paweh: te 20 64

66 Bunchuai 1963: ne: hai; ja: ve Walker 1974, 2003: Ch.9 65

67 a sho-e; hta: ve La: Hu/ ve li: teh; teh;

68 2000 Nishimoto 2000 aw; hi[ aw; li: aw; li: aw; hi[ 273 Matisoff 1988: 215 Matisoff 1988: 197 aw; li: aw; hi[ hik 274 Cushing 1912: 636 chaw ceu; 275 a; sho-e; chaw maw: 67

69 co-e: ve aw; li: teh; teh; 276 O: hta: ka[ hk e te la; ve yo; Chaw maw: co-e: hta: ka[ hk e te la ve Aw; hi[ Aw; li: hk e caw; ve O: hk e aw; hi[ caw;, g a te ve o: hta: a; sho-e; hta:chaw maw: te: co-e: 277 chaw maw: 278 Kaw: Law: G ui; lon?, hpa/ sheh/ hpa:, aw; hi[ aw; kaw: hpa/ sheh/ hpa:, A Pa Sha? Ca{ aw; hi[ aw; kaw: chaw ceu; 68

70 281 cf. 1983: La: Hu/ aw; li: ma: ha/ hi[ si[ saw?, kaw: si[ si/ La: Hu/ aw; hi[ aw; li: 1983: La: Hu/ te ve La: Hu/ aw; li: yeh: ve 69

71 aw; li: te: ma ti? te ve meun: hk aw hku? hpaw: Lienhardt 1961: 53-55, Geertz 1973: 107 bon ma/ ve a shu yaw: ve aw; hi[ hk a deh[ te aw; hi[ aw; li: te ve aw; 70

72 bon te ve Ta: La: Pa/ aw; hi[ te ve[ aw; pa aw; e ven: ba[ chaw maw: ven: ba[ pfuh: ve aw; pa aw; e aw; li: i? ka{ tsuh: pi: a? mvuh hkehn tcuh? aw; li: te ve aw; pa aw; e aw; li: caw; pi: ve aw; li: aw; li: aw; li: K o{ teh; teh; k o, ma: daw: caw:, aw; li: chi 71

73 Aw; teh; teh; k o, G ui; sha bai? ma: ca ve aw; li: aw; suh? te la ve haw? bon law; ve bon te ve bon

74 2 73

75 2000 Nishimoto La: Hu/ peh: tu? pa/ 2 Nishimoto Pi ya: 5 74

76 6 i? ka{ tsuh: pi: ve a? mvuh hkehn a? mvuh hkehn tcuh? pa/ 7 8 dei otiosi 1969: aw; li: aw; hi[ 11 Walker 1976:

77 1995: satya 13 Sombat Boonkamyeung Solot 1989 Ca; Nu{ Sha? Ca{ 1960 Walker 2003: 389n Na Ca? Ma Na ca? ca?ve ma 16 pi ya: hpi? ya[lewis 1986: 289, Matisoff 1988: 890 hpi? ya[ ya[ raksa Sombat Boonkamyeung pi ya: hpi? ya[ yak yaksa Walker 2003: 167n129 pi ya: hpi? ya[ pi ya: hpi? ya[ Walker 2003:

78 18 3 Walker 2003: 181n30, 167, Walker 1983: hk a{ u? pa/ 21 Walker 2003 yeh; ne: yeh; bon pa/ Chaw suh Du 1999: jaw mvuh: ne: Walker 2003: meh; meh; jaw[ ve 77

79 27 ma: cheh: pui? ve bon ma: ui/ ve bon nu; ve 31 bon te ve 32 meh; jaw[ ve 33 mvuh: ne: Walker 2003: g u; li? ya? 35 ya[ la ve 36 Tannenbaum 1993: tsuh? tsuh: taw[taw[-e g a{ taw[-e 39 78

80 ma: hpeh[, ma: hpeh[ 40 aw; mia vui; ve shu geh cheh: ve 41 sorcerer witch = hpi? tan ngaweh Lewis 1986: chaw hteun/ Hteun/ thoen Lewis 1986: 343, Hudak 2000: cf. Walker 1983: Maw? mo pa/ 1960 ne: te pa/ ne: te sheh/ hpa: cf. Walker 1976:

81 to bon mameh bon ma 52 3 Walker 2003: i? ka{ li: shaw da[ ve cf. Walker nyi ma ha/ ve ven: va{ cf. Walker ne: hta[ o? k o/ ma: pui ve 80

82 shin? nyi shin? nyi wan shin wan shin wan phra 7-8 shin? aw; shin? 100 aw; shin? aw; aw; shin? aw; shin? aw bon aw; shin? shin? nyi shin? shin? nyi shin? wan shin shin shin? nyi shin? nyi 1960 Terwiel 1994: Te: ka; a: k ai. Ya[ nyi shin? nyi cheh: ve Walker 2003: i? ka{ li: yu; da[ ve i? ka{ li: shaw da[ ve i? ka{ tsuh: da[ ve i? ka{ li: yu; da[ ve i? ka{ tsuh: pi: ve 81

83 1968: a? mvuh hkehn 65 Du li: kaw{ 3 67 bo ku; ve Walker 2003: 416 aw; hkaw: shi/ ve heh ma: hpaw: she/ hta: Walker 2003: shin? nyi shin? eh? 3 shin? lon? 82

84 shin? nyi lon? Walker 2003 shin? lon? 77 sheh: kaw; shin? nyi sheh: kaw; ve sa? la{ te ve 78 sheh: kaw; ve Walker 2003: kaw mo: korng mu Cushing 1914: htu: thung Matisoff 1988: Walker 2003: sa thu sala sha? la{ sha laa Hudak 2000: 218 sala 88 hk aw ne: law; ne: 89 aw; bon aw; shin? 83

85 ne: hta[ o? k o/ pui ve Ca; Heh ta: la: aw; hi[ a? mvuh hkehn tcuh? pi: ve hkao; shin? nyi 2 2 Walker 2003: le; ve maw: le; ve Matisoff 1988:

86 ca; nu aw/ pi/ ca: ve aw; sha? sala 106 wat 85

87 haw? yeh; wat 107 a daw: La: Hu/ aw; li: aw; vi? aw; nyi

88 114 yeh; bon pa/ G ui; sha sha/ ma: ca: law yeh; ne: aw; pa aw; e 1960 yeh; ne: Walker 2003: ca li? pa/ 116 aw; ve{ kai? Walker 2003: aw; vi? 120 peh: daw Walker 1983:

89 122 bon nu; ve bon ui/ hta: k o bon nu; la hta: k o 123 aw; li: te ve aw; li: te ve 124 aw; ha chaw suh mvuh: mi; 125 ne: hta[ o? k o/ pui ve aw; ha hku hk aw[ vebon te ve aw; ha 128 lo: ki; ya:la: Hu/ Nyi? ne: hta[ o? k o/ pui ve 129 aw; bon ma: g a 130 aw; bon te ve aw; bon g a ve 88

90 131 k a mui; ve 132 taw/ ba; ve sha? la{ sala sha? la{ bun 135 Tham di dai di, tham chua dai chua tham bun G ui; sha mvuh: mi; hk a: ci: peh; g ui; sha 138 hkui pi: ve 139 a? hpe[

91 peh: haw/ tu? ve aw; hkaw: shi/ pa/ 142 hkeh pui suh? taw ve 2005: : nan; mon: gui; taw ve daw; ve paw hku: ma[ che[ ve Paw Hku: Lon? Walker 1983: Pi Ya:

92 148 Ku/ Lao: ta: la: ca ve sha{ shi/ ja: ve taw:hte[ (ve) Matisoff 1988: paw hku: 1960 Walker 2003: beh; ve mvuh: hteh[ ne: i? ka[ ne:

93 Bunchuai 1963: ven: ba{ pfuh/ ve pa{ keh ve bon ui/ hta: chaw maw: hkaw: Ya ma: shi/ ta: te

94 shu hta[ ha leh; pi: ve, aw; chaw: te ve 170 ven: wen Matisoff 1988: 1331 ba{ ba[ baap baap paapa Matisoff 1988: 932, 2005: : haw? yeh; hor yeh; bon yeh; bon yeh; Lewis 1986: 160 kan: pa{ kan: pa{ words of power; the powerful words of divinity, divinely efficarious words Matisoff 1988: 325, 813 kan: pa{ kan: pa{ 93

95 A pa Sha? Ca{ Sha? Ca{ kan: pa{ heh pui? hk aw 184 jaw te ve meh; jaw[ ve meh; jaw[ ve G ui; fu/ yeh; ne: Walker paw hku: Matisoff 1988: 858 dreamer H. Young n.d. prophet pu cong pho kun Lewis 1986: 266 Bradley 1977: 49 - cf. Bradley 1977: to bo : A? Te Fu/ Cu: A? Sha Fu/ Cu: 94

96 G ui; sha ya[ la ve : g ui; shasha? ca{ Maw[ Na{ Ma[ Na{ Paw Hku:Ma[ Na{ To Bo Ma[ Na{ G ui; Sha Paw Hku: Lon? Lewis 1970; 37, Lewis and Lewis 1984: 197 Ma? Heh G ui; Sha Maw[ Na{ G ui; Sha Ca; Nu{ 192 a; sho-e; hta: ve paw hku: ve taw: hkaw: chaw maw: hkaw:

97 197 Hpa: Ya: Lon? Sombat Boonkamyeung 198 Maw[ Na{ To Bo Paw Hku: Lon? paw hku: pu cawn lon pu kyawng lon Maw[ Na{ Paw hku: to bo 199 ca; ti[ daw; ti[, co ti[ ha ti[ B A B 200 Ca; Ui/ Ca; Ui/ Hpa: ya: Matisoff 1988: 883 caw; fa? cao fa hpa: ya: pha ya paw meun: paw mueang Walker 1970: , Sombat 1997, kaw mo: ti[ aw; hpeu; li: kaw{ aw; hk aw/ law? 202 M. C. Tun 1973: pa{ keh ve pa{ ve keh ve pa{ ve Matisoff 1988: 813 keh ve pa{ keh ve kan: pa{ pa{ ve 204 ba[ hto: ve 96

98 Lewis 1970: Telford 1937: 143, 226 Lewis 1970: 37, Lewis and Lewis 1984: Walker 2003: 528 A? nyi hk aw[ hta: nga; Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: cheh: kui; lo k ai ve yo;. Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: yaw: nga; hta[ k o{ la: ve-a, naw; fin/ ye[ keu{ ve aw/ sheh{ ha pa ti? ga; shaw[ law, hk e te k o, naw; pa naw; e aw; hk e Meh Hpa[ law; leh Ho-e Pa Fa: hk aw ka/ aw/ cheh: a; shaw[ law, naw; ti? k o Pa/ Fa: lo aw; mi: ma heu{ veu la: leh Meh Shao? lo Pa/ Bo hk a{ hk aw lo naw; pu/ naw; pi geh aw/ k aw[ cheh: la ve law k o{ la: ve yo; leh naw; pa teh; ve ti? k o suh o; law leh naw; pa ca? ti? k o meh { shi/ te: pa? pe[ she{-o; law. Chi beu[ meh` shi/ te: pa? ti? caw; ve yo;. Aw; meh Pu Ta? meh ve yo;. Naw; e leh Na Va[ meh ve yo; k o{ la: ve yo;. Yaw: hta[ nga; ka; ma: hto pi: yaw: hk a: yaw: shi/ ve yo;. Nga; yaw: hk a{ lo ga; hta:, yaw: geh nga; ca gui: ve yo;. Yaw: leh haw? yeh; aw; hk aw lo cheh: ve yo;. Haw? yeh; ti? k o cho; ka[ ve hk a shu/ yo;. Paw Hku: Lon? leh yaw: aw; mi: ma yaw: hui? ma; hk a; hta{ ka[ haw? yeh; aw; hk aw lo ti? cheh: ta/ ve yo;. A; htaw: ma: te ca: yaw: ve hk a{ ya: te: hpa/ te leh yu; k o/ pi: ve yo;. Paw Hku: Lon? yaw: aw; to aw; lawn yaw: meh{ hpfuh: la[ meh/ pa? hpaw: leh na{ taw? caw; ve yo;. Nga; hui yaw: meh{ hpfuh: a[ k o jaw: maw: o; ti? g a k o{ ve yo;. Paw Hku: Lon? yaw: aw; to ka; pui? ve yo;. Te: paw{ maw; hta: k o, chaw maw: hk e maw; ve yo;. Te: paw{ k aw[ maw; hta: k o, ya: neh; hk e maw; ve yo;. Paw Hku: Lon? yaw: te: hkui te: ceu; te pui? ve yo; Shi/ pui? ja: ce: Yaw: ne: jaw: maw: law, ne: te, na leh shi/ ve 208 kan: pa{ pa{ cf. Matisoff 1988: Walker 2003: 527f Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: Lon? chi yaw: La: Hu/ ya: hta[ k o{ ve, Shu mi: shu ya: hta[ ta: ya[, shu maw: ta: hk aw:, aw? k a/, nu: ta: ti: ca: k o{ ve yo;. Yaw: k o{ ve, Va[ ti: ca: ga: k o, va: tsuh[ aw: ma; te leh peh: haw/ te: ku yu; leh to bo hta[ pi: 97

99 leh chaw ya: a shu yaw: hu la ve va[ ti: ca: ve yo;, ba{ ta: caw; la:, ca: k o, ta: na; la: meh/, k o{ leh to bo te keh; pi: ve yo;. Maw[ Na[ Paw Hku: Lon? chi k o, G ui; sha yaw: hta[ ma/ pi: ve pa taw yaw: shi/ pui? ja: ve yo;. Chaw te: g a: g a: vui: kui/ cheh: leh yaw: hta[ ti: peh/-a k o{ ve htaw: yaw: shi/ ve yo;. La: Hu/ ya: yaw: aw; pa: ma: he{ htaw: na; u? ma: he{ yaw: hta[ yaw ma: hpeh[, suh la ce: li: tsuh[ 2000 aw; tsuh[ ven: ba{ ma: da[ ma: na ve taw/ ba; ve ven: ba{ 213 Bunchuai 1963: Walker 2003: 505 Maw[ Na{ Paw Hku: yaw: ma/ ve aw; lawn te: hpa/ chi hk e k o{ ma/ ve. Naw; hui te: hpa/ hk aw; ka[ cheh: ve ma: hk o{ hk aw; hta{ ka[, te: nyi le le nga; maw; cheh: ta/ ve yo;. Yaw; ma/ ve, mui; ca: va: ca: ve htaw: peu; la; htaw: ca; yaw: nyi: pi{ ti peu; jaw k o aw; g u: suh/ te: hk aw[ k ai ve k o, aw/ pi{ k aw[ ti she/. Mui; ca: va: ca: ve htaw: hk a deh[ te caw: ve yo;, bon hpaw: shin? hpaw: htaw: hk a deh[ te caw: ve yo;, shu maw: shu je/ ta: hk aw:, shu mi: shu ya: hta[ ta: ya[, ma: hte: ma caw: ve ta: te, chaw hta[ ta: ti: peh/, bon hkaw: shin? htaw: hta[ hk a deh[ na leh fi/ leh[ ve htaw: ma: leh[ ve k o da[ ve yo;. Fi/ leh[ ve te: ceu; leh; aw; leh ma: caw; ve yo;, hk a; hta{ ka[ tu[ hka/ caw; yo;, ma; daw; ve k o da[ leu? ve yo;. Nga; Ho-e Shai? lon? cheh: Paw Hku: Lon? yaw: ve tcuh ya: te: hpa/ la; leh bon hkaw: ca ma/ la ve yo;. Yaw: ve tcuh ya: te: hpa/ chi hk e ma/ ve, aw; vi? aw; nyi te: hpa/-o, G ui; sha ve tcuh? ka[ mi; la yo;. Ven: ba{ caw; ve k o leh g a hto: ve yo;, ba{ ma: hto: ve k o, G ui; sha ve meh{ hpfuh: hta[ ma: g a maw; meh/, chi hk e k o{ ma/ ve yo; leh fi/ daw; pa/ chi hk e ve k o, hk a{ hk aw ka;, fi/ ta: daw;. G ui; sha cha[ ja:, chi hk e k o{ ma/ ve yo; tcuh? aw; tcuh? aw; yan: mi ve G ui; sha tcuh? mi; ve tcuh?tcuh? ve Walker 2003:

100 Paw: Hku: Lon? yaw: ve hk a{ hk aw ti? k o, hk a peu;-e sheh{ chi yeh; ceh ti? caw; ve yo;. Yaw: ve haw? yeh; aw; hk aw lo ti? teh ta/ ve yo; na{ haw: lai? ceu; caw; ve yo;. Pui? ko:, hka: bai: leh fui/ sa[ te, hk a: bai/ lon?, pui? beu chi te: hpa/ yo;. 220 KKY Lintner 1999: na; pi[ caw; ve have a way with words; have a golden tongue Matisoff 1988: 738 kan: pa{ 222 meh; taw/ le{ shu{ ve meh;taw/ ve bon te ve bon te pa/ bon 227 bon ku; ve 228 shi/ pui? ja: 229 khor tan Matisoff 1988: 380, che{ ve nyi ma ha/ ve 99

101 232 Na Ca? Ma Ca? ca? ve na ma A Pa Sha? Ca{ ca ve gu: ve hpeu; k o/ Walker 2003: 285 aw; hpeu; aw; 238 sa? la: ve{ hpeu; ve{ 239 Bunchum cf. 2007: 36, 42, teh: ma/ la: theewadaa Matisoff 1988: aw; bon aw; shin? li: kaw{ o? k o/ pui ve Naw; a; hto[ ma hta[ o? k o/ pui ve lereligion 100

102 o? k o/ pui ve aw; li: li: tsuh[ Walker 2003: nu: nu: ve 246 taw/ ve ne: hai/ 2005: ne: o? k o/ pui ve chaw kan: pa{ sha? ho[ hta[ o? k o/ pui ve chaw 248 hk a{ u? pa/ maw: le; hko Walker 2003: na; pi[ na; ya? charmed words; magic voice; the power to heal by words Matisoff: 1988: 738 na; pi[ 256 Walker 2003: 523f 101

103 A sho-e/ nga; ya: eh? hta:, haw? yeh; ma: caw; she/. Aw; hk aw[ naw?, nga; a sha[ te: chi hi? hk aw[ ga; hta: heh?, haw? yeh; tan/ caw; la ve yo;. O: te: yan: hta: haw? yeh; ma: caw ve pa taw to bo, a ca, la shaw/ chi te: hpa/ ka[ ma: caw;. Shin? nyi ga; k o peh: haw/ yu; leh a shu yaw: yeh; hk aw lo yeh: hkui? daw hta[ ca tu? neh? ve ceh ti? te ve yo;. O: ve te: yan: aw; hk aw lo, shin? nyi k o{ ka[ hk a deh[ ma: ka ma: hui?, kan? te ga: k o, sha/ baw{ ga: k o, baw{ k ai ve yo;. Aw; hk aw[ naw? Paw Hku: Ye te: pa? ga; la leh haw? yeh; tan/ caw; la ve yo;. Paw Hku: Ye yaw: aw; na hpaw: ve La: Hu/ Nyi? te: hk a{ le le lo k ai leh bon hkaw: ca ma/ pi: leh te: hk a{ le le hta[ haw? yeh; teh ya[ la ve yo;. Paw hku: Ye yaw: aw; g u: suh/ hta: na; pi[ na; ya? ka[ ca: ja: ve yo;. O: ve te: yan:, Kaw? Law? te: hpa/ ka[ yaw: hta[ tan: ja: ve yo;. Aw; hk aw[ naw? yaw; fin/ k aw[ daw; leh chaw lu; kui: hpeh[ ve yo;, hk e te leh aw; hk aw[ naw? hta: Paw Hku: Ye yaw: Meh Na/ Hko/ hk a{ suh ve yo; shan sheun 2005: : : : 63, Musur Saleng McCarthy : Matisoff 1988:

104 261 yeh; bon pa/ Boon Chuey 1963: 29 At the head of this common bedroom stands an alter called Nye Neng on which are beeswax candles, a bamboo joint containing rice, hen s eggs and small baskets of several articles of offering. This alter is for worshipping the household god or the spirits of ancestors 264 Boon Chuey 1963: 37 The Muhsur Daeng is praying to the village spirit for the protection against sickness and violence of man and beast. Usually, they feast and make offerings to their village spirit twice a year. On each occasion of feasting, every family renders helpful cooperation by slaughtering a chicken and a small pig, both of which are donated as part of the offering 265 phi nam phi pa phi phukhaoluang (phi rai Bunchuai 1963: kaw mo: taw/ Bunchuai 1963: 223 About fifty metres away from the entrance of each Muhsur Daeng village stands some sort of totem posts and bamboo poles known as Kaw moo taw or Jungle Gate which serves as the village shrine where New Year festivals take place when villagers gather to make their annual offering to all souls or spirits believed to be present to receive their due. On this occasion the Muhsur Daeng slaughter pigs and chickens and dance around a bonfire Boon Chuey 1963:

105 shin? lon?sheh: kaw ve 266 Boon Chuey 1963: 28 Each Muhsur Daeng village has its Pu Chawng who acts as representative of the gods or the spirits. The Pu Chawng gives prophetic tokens, presides over rituals and acts as spiritual adviser to sick ones by instructing them to sacrifice pigs and chickens to invoke the blessing of the spirits of their ancestors and to appease the village spirits and the jungle spirits aw; tsuh[aw; ve{ kai? 270 Boon Chuey 1963: 28 At the back of the Pu Chawng s house stands a bamboo staff on which a centipede flag is hoisted as homage paid to the revered gods or the spirits. This flag is known as Tong-chae. Every seventh day the Pu Chawng burns beeswax candles and joss-sticks and places offering to the spirit at the Tong-chae : hiit caaritta 2005: 126 caritra Matisoff 1988: aw; li: aw; li: aw; hk a: 104

106 280 Meun: Neu? 281 La: Hu/ aw; hi[ hen: pa/ 282 cf. Kammerer 1996: hit sipson khong sipsi 284 Kammerer H. A Hugo Adolf Bernazik Die Geister der Gelbe Blaetter published by C. Bertelsmann Verlag, 1951 by E. W. Dickens. Boon Chuey Srisavasdi Bunchuai Sisawat 1963 The Hill Tribes of Siam. Bangkok: Khun Aruoon Chao Khao nai Thai. Bangkok: Matichon reprint 2002). Bradley, David 1977 Lahu Dialects. Sydney: Australian National University Press. Cushing, Josiah Nelson 1914 A Shan and English dictionary. Reno, NV, U.S.A.: BCI International reprint. Du Shanshan 1999 Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs : Gender Unity and Gender Equality among the Lahu of Southwest China. 105

107 Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs: Gender Unity and Gender Equality among the Lahu of Southwest China. Colombia: Columbia University Press Mircea Eliade Das Heilige und das Profane: Vom Wesen des Religioesen. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1957 = E. E E. E. Evans-Pritchard Nuer Religion. Oxford: Claredon Press, E. E. Evans-Pritchard Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1937 Geertz, Clifford 1973 The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. C I II : 1987 Hanks, Jane Richardson and Lucien Mason Hanks 2001 Tribes of the North Thailand Frontier. Connecticut: Yale Unicersity Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph : Hudak, Thomas John ed Cushing s Shan English Dictionary: A Phonetic Version. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series Press. Kammerer, Cornelia Ann 1996 Discarding the Basket: The Reinterpretation of Tradition by Akha Christians of Northern Thailand Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27(2): : Lewis, Paul 1970 Introducing the Hill Tribes of Thailand. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University Lahu-English-Thai Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Thailand Lahu Baptist Convention. Lewis, Paul and Elaine Lewis 1984 Peoples of the Golden Triangle: Six Tribes in Thailand. London: Thames and Hudson. Matisoff, James A The Dictionary of Lahu. Berkeley: University of California Press. McCarthy, James 106

108 1994 Surveying and Exploring in Siam. Bangkok: White Lotus (reprint, first published 1900) : Mensching, Gustav 1959 Die Religion: Erscheinungsformen, Strukturtypen und Lebensgesetze (Religion: Phenomenal Forms, Structural Types, and Life-Laws). Stuttgart: Curt E. Schwab 2005 Nishimoto Yoichi (4): Lahu Narratives of Inferiority: Christianity and Minority in Ethnic Power Relations. Chiang Rai: Center for Inter-Ethnic Studies, Rajabhat Institute Chiang Rai The Religion of the Lahu Nyi (Red Lahu) in Northern Thailand: General Description with Preliminary Remarks 23: : 113(2): : pp Smith, Martin 1999 Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity (Revised and Update Edition). Bangkok: White Lotus. Solot Sirisai 1989 Botbat khong Puman Sasana kap Kanplianplaeng thang Watthanatham khong Chaokhao Phao Musue Daeng. Bangkok: Sathaban Wicai Phasa lae Watthanatham phua Phatthana Chonnabot, Mahidol University. Sombat Boonkamyeung 1997 Panha Kanniyam Khwammai khong Pa lae Kanang Sit nuea Phuenthi: Koroni Sueksa Chao Lahu (The Contested Meanings of the Forest and the Conflicting Claims over the Space: A Case Study of the Lahu). ( ) The Lahu Symbolic Universe and Reconstruction of Ethnic Identity in Hayashi Yukio and Aroonrat Wichenkeeo eds. Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Making of Mainland Southeast Asia and Southwestern China. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, pp : Tannenbaum, Nicola 1993 Witches, Fortune, and Misfortune among the Shan in Northwestern Thailand in C. W. Watson and Roy Ellen eds. Understanding Witchcraft and Sorcery in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp Telford, J. H. 107

109 1937 "Animism in Kengtung State" Journal of the Burma Research Society, August 1937, Vol.XXVII, Part II: Terwiel, B. J Monks and Magic: An Analysis of Religious Ceremonies in Central Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus. (third edition). Tun, M. C Dead on Their Feet Far Eastern Economic Review 79:7 19 February, Walker, Anthony R Lahu Nyi (Red Lahu) Village, Society and Economy in North Thailand Volume One. Chiang Mai: A terminal report to the Royal Thai Government Messianic Movements among the Lahu of the Yunnan-Indochina Borderlands Southeast Asia: An International Quarterly 3(2): a The Lahu People: An Introduction in Anthony R. Walker (ed.) Farmers in the Hills: Upland Peoples of North Thailand. Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. 1975b The Lahu Na (Black Lahu) Christian Community at Huai Tadt: Some Notes in Anthony R. Walker (ed.) Farmers in the Hills: Upland Peoples of North Thailand. Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia Jaw Te Meh Jaw Ve: Lahu Nyi (Red Lahu) Rites of Spirit Exorcism in North Thailand. Anthropos 71: Shi Nyi: Merit Days among the Lahu Nyi (Red Lahu) in Northern Thailand. Anthropos 76: The Lahu People: An Introduction in John McKinnon and Wanat Bhruksasri (eds.) Highlanders of Thailand. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press Merit and the Millennium: Routine and Crisis in the Ritual Lives of the Lahu People. New Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. Weber, Max 1976 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. 2. Teil, Kapitel V. Religionssozologie Young, Gordon 1962 The Hilltribes of Northern Thailand (A Socio-Ethnological Report). New York: AMS Press, reprint of 2nd edition. Young, Harold Mason. nd To the mountain tops: a sojourn among the Lahu of Asia MS. 108